Modern African Governments and Economies

1. Modern African Governments and Economies

2. Words to Know • Kenya • Nigeria • South Africa • Sudan • Deforestation • Nationalism • Water Conservation

3. History Country Name Use this graphic organizer for each country Government Economy

4. Review:UNITARYWays Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority

5. Review:CONFEDERATIONWays Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority

6. Review:FEDERATION/FEDERALWays Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority Regional Authority

7. Kenya History • British colonial control of Kenya dates from the Berlin Conference of 1885, when the European powers partitioned East Africa. The British opened the fertile highlands to white settlers, who established themselves as large-scale farmers.. The white settler-dominated government denied the dispossessed Africans political participation, restricted their cultivation of cash crops such as coffee, permitted forced labor, and maintained a “white highlands” policy that restricted the Kikuyu, one of the largest tribes, to overcrowded reserves. • Protest by Africans, which began in the 1920s, peaked between 1952 and 1956 with the so-called “Mau-Mau” Emergency, an armed Kikuyu-led insurrection directed against white settler domination and British colonial rule. Kenya became independent on December 12, 1963 and became a republic.

8. Kenya • Until the unrest of 2007, Kenya had maintained remarkable stability despite changes in its political system and crises in neighboring countries. • In December 2002, Kenyans held democratic and open elections, most of which were judged free and fair by international observers. The 2002 elections marked an important turning point in Kenya's democratic evolution in that power was transferred peacefully from the Kenya African Union (KANU), which had ruled the country since independence to the National Rainbow Coalition (Narc), a coalition of political parties.

9. Kenya Current president Mwai Kibaki • Kenya was a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President was both the head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system until 2008 in which the position of Prime minister was introduced as the head of the cabinet. • Interactive Notebook Question: • What form of government is Kenya today?

10. Kenya Education • Education in Kenya has been based on an 8-4-4 system since the late 1980s, with eight years of primary education followed by four years of secondary school and four years of college or university. In addition to this there is a large private school sector, which caters for the middle to upper classes and generally follow the British school. • Approximately 85% of children attend primary school, 24% attend secondary school, and 2% attend higher institutions.

11. Kenya • Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 75% industry and services: 25% • GDP - per capita: $1,700 • Unemployment rate: 40% • Oil – consumption: 65,530 bbl/day • The economy is market-based, with some state-owned infrastructure enterprises

12. Former British Colony • Kenya Parliamentary Democracy Market/Mixed

13. Describe the ways governments distribute power • Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by one central authority. • Confederation-voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation. • Federal-a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. • Which one is Kenya today???? Write your answer in your Notes.

14. Citizen participation in government (Left Side) • Autocratic-government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the government. • Oligarchic-Government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has very limited role. • Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly. • Which one is Kenya today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

15. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments (Left Side) • Parliamentary-system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature. • Presidential-a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature. • Which one does Kenya have today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

16. Nigeria • Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal republic (presidential), modeled after the U.S. • The people of Nigeria have an extensive history, and archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BC. The Benue-Cross River area is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium AD. • Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the eighth most populous country in the world with a population of over 140 million.

17. Nigeria became a British colony in the 1800’s as Africa was being divided among European countries. • Ethnocentricism, tribalism, and sectarianism have played a role in Nigerian politics especially after independence in 1960. Competition amongst these three groups, the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo, has fuelled corruption and graft.

18. Nigeria Economy • Nigeria has a mixed economy with some businesses state-owned and other controlled by private individuals. • Years of military rule, corruption, and mismanagement have hampered economic activity and output in Nigeria and continue to do so, despite the restoration of democracy and subsequent economic reform. 2005. The GDP per head is at $692. • Petroleum plays a large role in the Nigerian economy, accounting for 40% of the GDP. It is the 12th largest producer of petroleum in the world and the 8th largest exporter.

19. Nigeria Economy • Mineral resources that are present in Nigeria but not yet fully exploited are coal and tin. Other natural resources in the country include iron ore, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, and arable land. Despite huge deposits of these natural resources, the mining industry in Nigeria is almost non-existent. About 60% of Nigerians are employed in the agricultural sector. Agriculture used to be the principal foreign exchange earner of Nigeria. Perhaps, one of the most daunting ramifications of the discovery of oil was the decline of agricultural sector. So tragic was this neglect that Nigeria, which in the 1960s grew 98% of his own food and was a net food exporter, now must import much of the same cash crops it was formerly famous for as the biggest exporter. Agricultural products include groundnuts, palm oil, cocoa, coconut, citrus fruits, maize, pearl millet, cassava, yams and sugar cane.

20. Nigeria Environmental degradation • Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry, experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems. • Waste management including sewage treatment, deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria.

21. Describe the ways governments distribute power • Unitary- • Confederation- • Federal- • Which one is Nigeria today???? Write your answer in your Notes.

22. Citizen participation in government (Left Side) • Autocratic- • Oligarchic- • Democratic- • Which one is Nigeria today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

23. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments (Left Side) • Parliamentary- • Presidential- • Which one does Nigeria have today???? • Write your answer in your Notes.

24. Former British Colony • Nigeria Federal Republic/ Presidential Democracy Mixed

25. South Africa • Like so many other African nations, South Africa became a British colony in the 1800’s. The lure of gold and diamonds made South Africa very attractive to the European powers.

26. South Africa • Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas • Natural hazards: prolonged droughts • Environment - current issues: lack of rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion; desertification • Population: 48,782,756 Life expectancy at birth: 48

27. South Africa • HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 21.5% • HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 5.3 million • HIV/AIDS - deaths: 370,000 • Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne disease: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever and malaria water contact disease:schistosomiasis (2008) • Ethnic groups: black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census) • Religions: Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%, Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, Muslim 1.5% • Languages: IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2% • Literacy: 86.4%

28. South Africa Government • Country name: Republic of South Africa Government type: Federal republic (Parliamentary Democracy) • Capital: Pretoria • Suffrage: 18; universal • Who elects the leader of South Africa?

29. South Africa Economy • GDP: $9,700 • Labor force : agriculture: 9%, industry: 26%, services: 65% • Unemployment rate: 24.3%

30. Former British Colony • South Africa Parliamentary Democracy, Federal Republic Mixed

31. Sudan • Throughout history the area of present day Sudan has been transferred from Arab Empires to various European nations. The last European nation to control Sudan was Great Britain. Following Sudan’s independence in 1953 the country has been ravaged by famine, corruption, crime, and military rule (Coup d'état).

33. Sudan • Natural resources: petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, hydropower • Natural hazards: dust storms and periodic persistent droughts • Environment - current issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification; periodic drought

34. Sudan • Population: 40,218,456 • Life expectancy at birth: 50 • Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: very high food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria, dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) water contact disease:schistosomiasisrespiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country.

35. Sudan • Ethnic groups: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% • Religions: Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum), indigenous beliefs 25% • Languages: Arabic, English, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages . • Literacy: 61%

36. Sudan Government • Country name: Republic of the Sudan • Capital: Khartoum • Suffrage: 17 years of age; universal • Executive branch: chief of state: President Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

37. Sudan Economy • Command/Mixed economy • GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,900 • Labor force : agriculture: 80%, industry: 7%, services: 13% • Unemployment rate: 18.7% • Oil – consumption: 79,760 bbl/day

38. Sudan Education • Education is free and compulsory for children 6 to 13 years. Primary education consists of eight years, followed by three years of secondary education. Arabic is the main language taught in Sudanese schools. Schools are concentrated in urban areas; many in the South and West have been damaged or destroyed by conflict. In 2001 the estimated enrollment was 46% for primary (elementary) and 21% of secondary students (high school). Enrollment varies widely, falling below 20 percent in some provinces. Education at the secondary and university levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education.

39. Former British Colony • Sudan Presidential Democracy (Dictatorship) Command/Mixed

40. South Sudan • officially the Republic of South Sudan • its current capital is Juba, which is also its largest city • South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011

41. South Sudan Government • The constitution establishes a mixed presidential system of government headed by a president who is head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces • SalvaKiirMayardit, the first elected President of South Sudan

42. South Sudan Economy • Since the recent independence of South Sudan, economically little is known or has been established.

43. Describe the ways governments distribute power • Unitary- a form of government in which power is held by one central authority. • Confederation-voluntary associations of independent states that, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation. • Federal-a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities. • Which one is Sudan today???? Write your answer in your Notes.

44. Citizen participation in government (Left Side) • Autocratic-government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizen has little if any role in the government. • Oligarchic-Government by the few, sometimes a government in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has very limited role. • Democratic-Government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly. • Which one is Sudan today???? South Sudan? • Write your answer in your Notes.

45. Describe the two predominant forms of democratic governments (Left Side) • Parliamentary-system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to the legislature. May have a Prime Minister elected by the legislature. • Presidential-a system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature. • Which one does Sudan have today???? South Sudan? • Write your answer in your Notes.

46. Trade Barriers (Review) • A trade barrier is a general term that describes any government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including: • Quotas • Tariffs • Embargo • Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results. • Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage.

47. On the Left Side of your notebook, match the Trade Barrier with the following: • A tax on goods when they cross a national border. • A type of protectionist trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time. • The prohibition of trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation. Embargo Tariff Quota

48. Bibliography • United States Department of State http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5479.htm August 22, 2008. • Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html August 22, 2008. • http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Kenya.pdf January 8, 2009. • Faces of Sudan. http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2008/06/faces_of_sudan.html. January 8, 2009.