1 / 14

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAZ & MALE INFERTILITY

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAZ & MALE INFERTILITY. Fertil Steril 2002 Jan;77(1):68-75 Reduced copy number of DAZ genes in subfertile and infertile men

barb
Download Presentation

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAZ & MALE INFERTILITY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DAZ & MALE INFERTILITY

  2. Fertil Steril 2002 Jan;77(1):68-75 Reduced copy number of DAZ genes in subfertile and infertile men Jan W. A. de Vries M.Sc., Mariëtte J. V. Hoffer Ph.D., Sjoerd Repping M.Sc., Jan M. N. Hoovers Ph.D., Nico J. Leschot M.D., Ph.D. and Fulco van der Veen M.D., Ph.D. Abstract Objective(s): To determine the copy number and identity of the DAZ genes on the Y chromosomes of infertile patients. Patient(s): One hundred and thirty-nine patients with male factor infertility Intervention(s): The separate genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) digestion assays of sequence family variants in leukocyte DNA and by fluorescence in situ hybridization of interphase nuclei and chromatin fibers. Result(s): One hundred twenty-nine patients had four genes, 6 patients had two genes, and 4 patients had none. Three patients had a deletion of the two proximal DAZ genes, and three were missing both distal genes. Semen analysis showed a less severe phenotype in patients with only two DAZ genes compared with patients missing all four genes. Conclusion(s): In six patients, two different partial deletions were found that were not detected by PCR with conventional markers. One patient with an AZFb deletion appeared to also have a partial AZFc deletion that was not detected by routine PCR. Phenotypic differences between patients with different deletions suggest a dose effect of the DAZ genes.

  3. Introduction Y 염색체의 nonrecombining 지역에 위치에 있는 10개의 유전자 패밀리는 testis 안에서 발현되고 있으며 그 중 DAZ gene family는 Yq11 위 interval 6에서 4개의 copy로 존재하며 함께 관련성있게 deletion되고 있다. 적어도 다른 세 개의 DAZ complementary DNAs가 이제까지 동정되었으며 이들은 spermatogenesis 동안 testis 안에서 전사되고 있다. Subfertile 또는 infertile 남성은 conventional PCR techniques을 통해 DAZ gene들의 4개 보다 더 적은 deletion가지고 있음이 알려졌다. 이것은 gene-specific PCR digestion assay에 의해 밝혀졌는데 이 방법은 4개의 다른 DAZ gene들의 sequence family variants에 의해 동정하게 한다. 그리고 DAZ genes 4개 모두의 deletion은 azoospermia 또는 svere oligozoospermia와 관련되어 있다.

  4. Patients and Semen Donors 1997에서 1998까지 139명의 subfertility 또는infertility 이라고진단된환자 Conventional PCR Assays Leukocytes로부터 분리된 DNA를 PCR amplification를 이용하여 검사함 Deletions를 검출해내기 위해 다음과 같은 loci를 이용하였음: sY81, sY84, sY182, sY94, sY102, sY117, sY143, sY147 sY152, sY153, and sY157. FISH 세개의 sequenced DAZ cosmids를 FISH를 위한 probes로 이용하였음. 두개의 연결된 DAZ 유전자의 5번 말단 부위에 위치한 Cosmid 18E8 (Genbank AC010089) exons 2에서 11에 걸쳐 있는 Cosmos 63C9 (Genbank AC000021) exons 2에서 11을 포함하며 유전자의 35 kb downstream에 있고 DAZ 유전자의 3번 말단 부위에 위치한 Cosmid 46A6 (Genbank AC000022) 18E8과 46A6의 combination probes는 DAZ gene의 5번 말단과 3번 말단 부위를 detection하고 18E8과 63C9의 combination of probes는 5번 말단과 single clusters 안에서의 DAZ gene들을 detection함으로 Fiber FISH는 수행되었음. Probe들은 biotin digoxigenin으로 labeling되었고, target DNA는 avidin 또는 antidigoxigenin antibodies와 결합되어 있는 fluorochromes Cy3 (red) 또는 fluorescein (green)로 hybridization되어 detectecting되었다. Statistical Analysis t-test 가 통계학적 분석으로 이용되었다 Material & Methods

  5. FIGURE 1. Schematic drawing of the two DAZ gene clusters. Sequence family variants (SFVs) between the four different genes. sY587 distinguishes between clusters 1 and 2, sY581 distinguishes between the genes within the clusters, and sY586 distinguishes between DAZ2 and the other three genes. The location of the three cosmids used for fluorescence in situ hybridization is also shown. . Results

  6. TABLE 1. Fragment sizes after restriction digestion Note: In cluster (DAZ1 and DAZ2), sY587 has the T variant, producing an extra restriction site for Dra1. In cluster 2 (DAZ3 and DAZ4), sY587 shows the C variant. In DAZ2 and DAZ3, sY581 has the T variant, producing an extra restriction site for Sau3A. In DAZ1 and DAZ4, sY581 shows the C variant. In DAZ2, sY586 is in the T variant, causing loss of a restriction site for Dra1. Fragment sizes are expressed in base pairs. .

  7. TABLE 2. Microdeletions detected by routine polymerase chain reaction Note: Table shows presence (+) or absence (-) of sequence tagged sites detected in polymerase chain reaction in the three deletion intervals of the Y chromosome. .

  8. TABLE 3. Combinations of DAZ signatures in 139 patients and the presence of one or two clusters on fluorescence in situ hybridization. . a Columns show presence (+) or absence (-) of the DAZ genes as detected by polymerase chain reaction digestion assay of sY581 and SY587. .b Data are expressed as the number of patients in whom the 301-base pair band, typical for the DAZ2 gene, was found or was absent. .c This result conflicts with that of the sY587 and sY581 assay. .d Patient with a 47,XYY karyotype had two clusters per Y chromosome.

  9. FIGURE 2. Results of fiber fluorescence in situ hybridization on DNA from patient 4937, who had an AZFb deletion and a normal DAZ gene cluster. Red signal, 18E8; green signal, 63C9. .

  10. TABLE 4. Semen characteristics relative to the presence of DAZ gene clusters. a Data are the number of patients. b Mild oligozoospermia is a sperm count of 5 × 106 cells mL to 20 × 106 cells mL; severe oligozoospermia is a sperm count less than 5 × 106 cells/mL. c One of the two patients was the AZFb deleted patient with the AZFb deletion. Note: The DAZ gene cluster number was determined by FISH and the clusters were identified by SFVs.

  11. Discussion 1. Y 염색체위의 DAZ gene들은 염색체 3번 위 autosomal DAZL 이 transposition 됨으로 생성되게 되었다. Intragenic amplification, exon pruning과 duplication은 Y 염색체 위에 각각의 두 유전자가 head-to-head manner의 방향으로 생성되어 4개의 유전자가 구성되게 하였다. 2. sY581 marker가 위치하는 exons 2에서 6까지의 DAZ gene을 포함하는 10.8-kb segment를 detect하는 probes를 알아내었다. 이 region은 RNA recognition motif를 나타내고 DAZ gene clusters 안에 이 motif가 7번 존재한다.: 세 번은 DAZ1 안에서, 두 번은 DAZ4 안에서, 그리고 각각 한 번씩 DAZ2와 DAZ3안에서 존재한다. 3. 이러한 partial deletions로부터 DAZ gene clusters의 관련성 있는 방향성에 대한 새로운 정보를 얻을 수 있었다. AZFb deletion을 지닌 환자는 cluster 1을 소실했었고 그의 아버지는 Y 염색체의 감별할 수 없는 deletion을 가지고 있었다. 이것은 cluster 1이 AZFb 영역과 가까운 cluster이고 cluster 2는 먼 cluster라는 결론을 내릴 수 있게 한다. 그러므로 AZFb deletion을 지닌 환자는 AZFc로부터 연장된 deletion을 지닌 환자이다. 만약 이 지역에서 많은 breakpoints가 존재하고 overlap이 나타난다면 이 둘,사이의 intervals은 더욱 구별되기 힘들 것이다 4. 성인 고환에서 4개의 유전자 중 적어도 세 개가 존재하면 전사된다. 그리고 이 유전자는 DAZ로써의 역할을 기여할 수 있다. 이러한 4개의 DAZ 유전자의 예견된 생산은 RNA recognition motifs의 수와는 다르다. 그리고 기능적으로 다른 생산물은 아직 알려진 바가 없다. 5. 두 clusters의 존재가 항상 정자 형성의 완전함을 이끄는 것은 아니다. less severe phenotype은 만약 오직 한 cluster의 부재가 나타낸다면 DAZ 유전자의 유전자로써의 효과를 나타낼 수 있다. 나아가 cluster1의 부재는 cluster2의 부재 보다 더 심각한 표현형을 보인다. 6. 오직 하나의 DAZ gene cluster를 지닌 6명의 환자 중 3명은 sperm 농도가 5 X 106 cells/mL 보다 높다. 이러한 deletions은 아들에게 전달도리 것이고 미래의 자손이 지닐 넓은 의미의 deletion의 위험성은 아직 모른다.

  12. References 1. B.T. Lahn and D.C. Page , Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome. Science278 (1997), pp. 675¯680 2. J. Prosser, J.D. Inglis, A. Condie, K. Ma, S. Kerr, R. Thakrar et al., Degeneracy in human multicopy RBM (YRRM), a candidate spermatogenesis gene. Mamm Genome7 (1996), pp. 835¯842. 3. N.N. Chai, H. Zhou, J. Hernandez, H. Najmabadi, S. Bhasin and P.H. Yen , Structure and organization of the RBMY genes on the human Y chromosome: transposition and amplification of an ancestral autosomal hnRNPG gene. Genomics49 (1998), pp. 283¯289. 4. R. Saxena, J.W.A. de Vries, S. Repping, R.K. Alagappan, H. Skaletsky, L.G. Brown et al., Four DAZ genes in two clusters found in the AZFc region on the human Y chromosome. Genomics67 (2000), pp. 256¯267 5. H.Y. Yen , A long-range restriction map of deletion interval 6 of the human Y chromosome: a region frequently deleted in azoospermic males. Genomics54 (1998), pp. 5¯12. 6. B. Glaser, P.H. Yen and W. Schempp , Fibre-fluorescence in situ hybridization unravels apparently seven DAZ genes or pseudogenes clustered within a Y-chromosome region frequently deleted in azoospermic males. Chromosome Res6 (1998), pp. 481¯486. 7. A.I. Agulnik, A. Zharkikh, H. Boettger-Tong, T. Bourgeron, K. McElreavey and C.E. Bishop , Evolution of the DAZ gene family suggests that Y-linked DAZ plays little, or a limited, role in spermatogenesis but underlines a recent African origin for human populations. Hum Mol Genet7 (1998), pp. 1371¯1377. 8. A.E. Calogero, M.R. Garofalo and R. D'Agata , Factors influencing the variable incidence of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile patients. Hum Reprod14 (1999), p. 275.

More Related