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Lesson 1

Lesson 1. Period 1. Introduction to History of the Modern World. Pure History 20 th century World History (2009) Selected South-east Asian History: Malaya, Indonesia and Vietnam (2010). Elective History 20 th century World History (2009 + 2010). History Syllabus. Course Outline.

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Lesson 1

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  1. Lesson 1 Period 1

  2. Introduction to History of the Modern World

  3. Pure History 20th century World History (2009) Selected South-east Asian History: Malaya, Indonesia and Vietnam (2010) Elective History 20th century World History (2009 + 2010) History Syllabus

  4. Course Outline • Covers a period which spans about a century. Late 19th century to late 20th century. • Looks at Europe, Asia, America • WWI, WWII, Cold War and the periods in between. • Important concepts: Colonialism + Nationalism; Capitalism + Communism

  5. Treaties signed allowing A country to rule over another. Either by agreement or by conquest Colonies adopt language, culture, Architecture, governing systems of The colonial masters Colonialism Peaceful or violent Colonies are modelled After the Metropolis Unequal Relationship Between Colonial Master And colonised Colonies need to provide raw Materials and resources for the Metropolis (Centre of the empire) Core vs. Periphery Colonial Masters rule over local inhabitants

  6. Can be Xenophobic (“Them/Other) Nationalist Movements Nationalism Peaceful or violent Strong national Identity. ‘We’/Self Against Colonialism Strong desire to defend Nation from foreign Invaders/excessive influence of Another country. Local inhabitants should Rule themselves

  7. Capitalism Private Ownership Free-market economy Supporters: Middle Class + Elites Communism State Ownership Centrally-planned economy Supporters: Working class + Poor The 2 Cs

  8. Background • Age of exploration (early modern: 15th-17th century) leading on to growth of Empires (Colonisation) during the 18th-19th century. • Age of modernity saw the birth of Nationalism (Beginning with French Revolution 1789). • Previously people thought in terms of parochial/local concerns. (village/province) • Emergence of collective identity and sense of nation. (Formation of Germany 1871, Italy 1870) • Nationalist movements spread from America (War of Independence 1775-1783) to Europe to Asia.

  9. Looking back on the 20th Century • “If I had to sum up the 20th century, I would say that it raised the greatest hopes ever conceived by humanity, and destroyed all illusions and ideals.” ~Yehudin Menuhin

  10. Looking back on the 20th century • “The most fundamental thing is the progress of science, which has been truly extraordinary…This is what characterises our century.” ~ Severo Ochoa (Nobel Laureate, Science, Spain)

  11. Looking back on the 20th century • “In spite of everything there have been revolutions for the better in this century…the rise of the fourth estate, and the emergence of women after centuries of repression.” ~ Rita Levi Montalcini (Nobel Laureate, writer, Italy)

  12. Looking back on the 20th century • “Historians can’t answer this question (about what characterises the 20th century). For me the twentieth century is only the ever-renewed effort to understand it.” ~ Franco Venturi (historian, Italy)

  13. KIV How would you characterise the 20th century?

  14. General Themes • History of the Modern World as being a paradox (contradictory): • Modernity supposed to herald progress e.g. of the sciences, to the benefit of Mankind but it also indirectly contributed to atrocities committed against Man (e.g. Nuclear weapons).

  15. General Themes • The Modern World as being increasingly interconnected - Globalisation. • This has brought about benefits of increased mobility of trade, people etc, but also the tensions arriving from this increasing competition. • Emergence of ‘global’ threats (threats that are not isolated to a particular place).

  16. General Themes • World being pulled in different directions: • Cooperation v competition • Peace v War • Outward v inward looking • Liberation of Man v continued oppression of Man

  17. Historical pattern: Any big event (e.g. War, revolutions, economic crisis) will have political, economic and social repercussions.

  18. Branches of History Political History 1) Big political events E.g. Political upheaval War. Changes in governance 2) Concerned with key political figures and ideas “Great Man History” • Social History • How society was ordered • (Class, gender relations, myths, conventions) • 2)How common people lived their daily lives, • E.g. Response to political + economic • changes, fashion, food etc. • Economic History • Study of past economies • and events that affect economy, jobs, etc. • E.g. Industrial Revolution, Great Depression • 2) Concern with economic forces

  19. Expectations • 1) Taking perspectives, both important as a historical and as an inter-personal skill. • I.e. Put yourself in the shoes of others (historical figures, teacher, other classmates) • I.e. Be respectful of others. (Handing in your work on time, listen to others when they are speaking.) • 2) Personal Integrity, being honest despite the cost.

  20. Expectations cont. • 3) Personal Responsibility, ensuring that you have handed in your work on time, and have done it to the best of your ability. • 4) Concern for one another, keeping each other accountable, encouraging each other to move on in spite of failures. • Aim: To achieve a conducive learning environment

  21. What you can expect from History lessons… • -Academically rigorous and fun. (but I need your cooperation!) • -Interactive learning environment (I value your feedback/suggestions for improvement) • -Learning that goes beyond the textbook. • http://the-historic-times.wikispaces.com

  22. Some Tips • Read ahead to prepare for the next lesson • Don’t be afraid to ask questions/to clarify doubts. • Understanding is more important than memorising • Detect historical patterns

  23. Before the end of every lesson… 1) Spend 5 mins to do a mind-map to take stock of what you have learnt for that lesson. 2) Try to organise it. (Without reference to textbook/notes etc) *Good Preparation for Exams*

  24. Example Of Mind-map Elaboration 1 Elaboration 1 Factor 3 Factor 1 Elaboration 2 Example 2 Issue Factor 2 Additional Questions? Example 1 Alternatives? ??? Examples?

  25. Rights of Individual Capitalism Working Class European Enlightenment Social Justice Democracy Freedom ANTI Liberalism Socialism Reason Vs. Tradition Middle Class Communism Important Ideas Elite Conservatism Egalitarianism Elimination Of status And privilege Strong Army Feminism Maintain Status Quo Feudalism ANTI Equal political rights For women Little social mobility Patriarchal Society

  26. Questions • 1) A Monarchy would be best supported by __________ (which ideology?) Explain your answer • 2) Arrange the 4 ideologies in the right order, starting with the one that emerged first, and ending with the most recent ideology. Explain your answer. • 3) Which, in your opinion, is the most dangerous ideology? Explain your answer

  27. Identify one important ideology that is missing… Nationalism

  28. Overarching Essential Question: What prompts a nation to act in a particular way? Is it strict adherence to ideology or something?

  29. Overarching Essential Understanding Nations act in accordance with their perceived national interest. National Interests can transcend ideological boundaries Realpolitik Politics of Pragmatism. Regardless of ideological stripes/beliefs

  30. Lesson 1 Period 2

  31. Unit 1 World War I

  32. What was the world like In 1914? What caused WWI? World War I How did the world Change after WWI? What happened in WWI? 4 Essential Questions (Topical) 1 2 4 3

  33. 1. What was the World like in 1914? Setting the stage for the conflict

  34. Britain France Germany Austria Russia What qualifies them as “Great Powers”? Size of empire Level of industrialisation Vast size and population “Great Powers” – The Main Characters

  35. USA Japan Growing skilled workforce + Rich in natural resources. Many inventions 1894-5: Defeated China (Gained Taiwan + Influence over Korea) Treaty of Shimonoseki 1904-5: Defeated Russia (Gained parts of Manchuria + Control over Korea) Treaty of Portsmouth Other emerging powers

  36. World in 1914 • Growth of Industries (Ever since Industrial Revolution in late 18th Century) • Industrialisation leading to new inventions E.g. Steam engines, railway, telegram, telephone.

  37. External Effects of Industrialisation • Economic changes leading to social and political changes: (Historical pattern) • Growing empires of Industrialised nations. • A shrinking world – i.e. interconnected. // to Globalisation in our age. • Increased Mobility of people (travel), money (investments), information (news, ideas, culture)

  38. Internal Effects of Industrialisation • Economic changes leading to social and political changes: (Historical pattern) • People move away from agriculture (rural countryside) to get better paid jobs in the factory (urban towns) • Rapid growth of towns. Overcrowding + Unsanitary living conditions + discontentment • Increase in literacy. • Able to read and write newspapers. • Rapid spread of ideas. (Print Revolution)

  39. How societies were organised • Britain: Constitutional Monarchy • France: Republican • Germany: Constitutional Monarchy • Russia: Absolute Monarchy (but in 1905, Parliament was established.) • Austria-Hungary: Constitutional Monarchy. • Serbia: Constitutional Monarchy

  40. Agenda for Reform • Desire to make society more egalitarian. I.e Equal Opportunities • Widening the franchise (who gets to vote). • Aimed at giving women and working classes a voice in how country is run. • Taking power away from Elite to the marginalised (Power Struggle)

  41. 2. What caused WWI? Trigger Short Term causes Long Term causes Why did the various countries go to war?

  42. Trigger • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a 19 year old student Gravilo Princip (had links to Serbian secret society “Black Hand”) • Why did an assassination incident in the Balkans launch Europe into a War?

  43. Short Term Conflict in the Balkans 1908/1912 Conflict in Morocco (Ger vs. Fr) Arms Race (Ger vs. Br) Alliance System (But note exception of Italy) Long Term Weak Ottoman Empire Discontentment amongst Southern Slavs Russia’s historic quest for Constantinople Rising Nationalism and Militarism Germany’s growing ambitions (vs. France, Britain) Causes

  44. Relationships Italy Britain Weakening Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Balkans (Southern-Slavs) Germany France Austria-Hungary Multi-Ethnic Serbia Centre of Slavic Nationalism VS. Russia “Protector of Slavs”

  45. Alliance System

  46. Why did those particular nations enter the fray? Those who entered the War either sought to maintain or change the Status Quo in Europe, to the benefit of their own country.

  47. Activity 1 Communication Of National Agendas

  48. Get into pairs for this activity • Austria-Hungary • Germany • Russia • France • Britain • Serbia

  49. Activity 1 – Mobilising the People • Each pair will be given a country card with a list of the country’s national agendas, which led to that country entering the War. • You have to assume the role of the Cultural Czar, and come up with a convincing propaganda poster to rally your countrymen behind the government’s decision to go to war.

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