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CH4 Fundamentals of Biology

Discover the essentials of biology: living things, organic compounds, cellular organization, ATP, levels of organization, and marine life challenges such as salinity, temperature, and diversity. Dive into the concepts of reproduction, natural selection, and evolution in this comprehensive overview. Explore the classification of living organisms and the fascinating world of biology.

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CH4 Fundamentals of Biology

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  1. CH4 Fundamentals of Biology • All living things; grow, metabolize, homeostasis, respond, reproduce, and have cellular organization.

  2. Ingredients of Life • Organic compounds; carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen • Organic compounds; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

  3. Fig. 4.4 • Fuel of Life • ATP • Photosynthesis

  4. Fig. 4.5 • Respiration breaks down glucose; uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.

  5. Cells and Organelles • Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes • Prokaryotic; no nucleus, and lack most organelles. • Eukaryotes; have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, DNA in chromosomes

  6. Tab. 4.1 Levels of Organization

  7. Challenges of Life in the Sea • Habitat; food, water, shelter, and space • Plankton are organisms that drift in the water • Benthic organisms live on the bottom • Nekton organisms are strong swimmers

  8. Salinity • Total amount of salt in dissolved water. • For Review: • Diffusion ; movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. • Osmosis is the diffusion of water.

  9. Marine organisms maintain the proper balance of water and salts • Osmoconformers • Osmoregulators

  10. Osmoregulators • Marine organisms tend to lose water due to osmosis; • drink seawater to replace water lost • produce little urine (concentrated) • excrete salts through gills

  11. Fig. 4.15

  12. Fig. 4.16 • Temperature • Temperature plays a major role in determining where different organisms are found in the ocean.

  13. Organisms are often categorized according to how their metabolism affects their body temperature. • Ectotherms, cold-blooded or poikilotherms • Endotherms, warm – blooded or homeotherms

  14. Perpetuating Life • Heredity • Asexual Reproduction, single individual can reproduce itself and produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. • For Review; • Mitosis, produces two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell. • Meiosis, daughter cells have half the normal number of chromosomes, gametes Sexual Reproduction

  15. Fig. 4.9

  16. Fig. 4.19

  17. Fig. 4.21 Diversity of Life in the Sea

  18. Diversity of Life in the Sea • Natural Selection occurs when some members of a population survive and reproduce more successfully than others. • Evolution is the genetic change in the population that results because individuals pass their characteristics on to their young.

  19. Page 80

  20. Fig. 4.24

  21. Classifying Living Things • A species is a population of organisms that share common characteristics, can breed, and are reproductively isolated from other populations • binomial nomenclature • Genus species

  22. Tab. 4.2

  23. Page 83

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