Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pearlstone Center for Aeronautical Engineering Studies

1. Effect of Diffusion Interactions between Droplets on Gas Absorption of Highly Soluble Gases in Sprays and Clusters T. Elperin, A. Fominykh and B. Krasovitov Department of Mechanical Engineering The Pearlstone Center for Aeronautical Engineering Studies Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105 ISRAEL

2. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Cell model: motivation and goals Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Spray tower absorbers Cell model Clouds

3. cell Droplet a R Henry’s Law: is the species in dissolved state September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Description of the model Cell model Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Cell model: Happel, 1958; Elperin & Fominykh, 1996, 1999; Chen et al., 2012

4. where is volumetric liquid water content. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Description of the model Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Governing equations In the liquid phase, 0 < r < a : (1) In the gaseous phase, 0 < r < R : (2) Radius of the gaseous shell, R :

5. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Description of the model The initial conditions for the system of equations (1) and (2) read: Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets (3) The conditions of the continuity of mass flux at the gas-liquid interface yields: (4) Concentration of absorbate in the droplet at gas-liquid interface: (5) The boundary conditions in the center of the droplet and at the cell boundary read: (6)

6. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Aqueous-phase chemical equilibria Nitric acid – water equilibrium: Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets (7) (8) Total concentration of the dissolved nitric acid: (9) Equation (9) and dissociation equilibrium equations (7) – (8) yield: (10) where

7. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Aqueous-phase chemical equilibria Nitric acid – water equilibrium: Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Since (11) (12) (13) (14)

8. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Aqueous-phase chemical equilibria Taking into account dissociation reactions and Eq. (13) we obtain: Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets (15) (16) where Taking into consideration that allows determining pH in a saturated droplet as: (17)

9. In contrast to the HNO3 solution, H2O2 solution in water is a weak electrolyte with the dissociation constant at T= 298K. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Aqueous-phase chemical equilibria Hydrogen peroxide – water equilibrium: Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets (18) (19) for pH < 7.5 Thus for H2O2 the “equilibrium concentrations” read: (20)

10. where is volumetric liquid water content. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Description of the model Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Governing equations In the liquid phase, 0 < r < a : (1) In the gaseous phase, 0 < r < R : (2) Radius of the gaseous shell, R :

11. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Fig. 1. Dependence of the total concentration, [N(V)], of the nitric acids and pH in a liquid phase vs. time and radial coordinate (CG,0 = 5.16 mg/m3).

12. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Scavenging of air pollutions by cloud and rain droplets Fig. 2. Dependence of the total concentration, [N(V)], of the nitric acids and pH in a liquid phase vs. time and radial coordinate (CG,0 = 128.9 mg/m3).

13. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Fig. 3. Dependence of the concentration of the soluble gas (HNO3) in the gaseous phase vs. time and radial coordinate (CG,0 = 5.16 mg/m3). . Fig. 4. Dependence of the concentration of the soluble gas (HNO3) in the gaseous phase vs. time and radial coordinate (CG,0 = 128.9 mg/m3).

14. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Fig. 6. Dependence of the average concentration of HNO3 in the gaseous phase, the rate of concentration change - dc/dt and scavenging coefficient vs. time (j L = 10-6). Fig. 5.Dependence of pH in the saturated droplet vs. initial concentration of HNO3 in the gaseous phase for different values of liquid water content in a cloud.

15. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Fig. 7. Dependence of the scavenging coefficient of HNO3 vs. time. Fig. 8. Equilibrium fraction of the total H2O2 and HNO3 in the gaseous phase as a function of liquid water content at 298 K.

16. Gamma size distribution of droplets (PDF) (Wyser, 1998): Scale parameter: Shape parameter: a = 6 is the average radius Fig. 10. Dependence of the scavenging coefficient for the hydrogen peroxide H2O2 on time taking into account gamma droplet size distribution. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Fig. 9. Dependence of the scavenging coefficient for the nitric acid HNO3 on time taking into account gamma droplet size distribution.

17. PDF for log-normal size distribution of droplets (Yoon, et al., 2007) : • is dimensionless standard deviation of • the logarithm of the diameter: • s = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 Fig. 12. Dependence of the average concentration of nitric acid HNO3 in a gaseous phase on time taking into account log-normal droplet size distribution (CG,0 = 128.9 mg/m3). is the mean diameter September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Results and discussion Fig. 11. Dependence of the average concentration of nitric acid HNO3 in a gaseous phase on time taking into account log-normal droplet size distribution (CG,0 = 5.16 mg/m3).

18. September 4 – 7, 2016 Brighton, UK Ben-Gurion University of the Negev ILASS 2016 Conclusions • It is shown that absorption of highly soluble gases by clouds and droplet clusters causes a significant decrease of the soluble gas concentration in the interstitial air. • Calculations conducted for the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the nitric acid (HNO3) showed that in spite of the comparable values of the Henry’s law constants for the hydrogen peroxide and the nitric acid, the nitric acid is absorbed more effectively than the hydrogen peroxide. • Using the suggested model we calculated temporal evolution of pH in cloud droplets. It was shown that pH strongly depends on the liquid content in the cloud and on the initial concentration of the soluble trace gas in the gaseous phase. • The results of the present study can be useful in an analysis of different meteorology-chemistry models and adequately describes gas absorption by mist formed in gas streams inside gas absorbers.