笔译教学与实践方法谈

1. 笔译教学与实践方法谈 • 华东师范大学 张春柏

2. 笔译的教与学：从宏观到微观宏观：文化对比微观：三个主要层次：词汇句子语篇笔译的教与学：从宏观到微观宏观：文化对比微观：三个主要层次：词汇句子语篇

3. 1.1 词汇层面（形式、意义）1.1.1 词汇的形式：英语词汇的形态变化，如:1. 同一个词不同的词性（e.g. arrive, arrival, to arrive, arriving；beauty, beautiful, beautify; inform, informative, information)2. 各类词的不同语法形式，如名词的性、数、格和动词的时态、语态、语气等

4. e.g.(1) 他去看儿子去了. (son, sons?)(2) John’s book(3) A: Dad, I missed you. B: Missed or miss? A: Both.

5. (4) A: You can’t arrest me. I’m Norfolk. B: You were Norfolk. --Queen Ilizabeth

6. “黔之驴”:(5) 突然, 驴子叫唤了一声, 老虎以为它要咬自己, 便吓得逃走了.(6) 几天以后,老虎听惯了驴子的叫声， 不再那么害怕了。(7) 驴子不仅大叫起来,并用后蹄狠狠地踢老虎.

7. (5a) gave a loud bray(6a) got used to the donkey’s braying (cf. brays)(7a) not only brayed loudly…

8. (9)随后跳舞开始了。(9a) Then they danced.(9b) Then they began to dance.(9c) Then the dance began.(9d) Then dancing began.

9. 1.1.2 词汇的意义1) 词义的确定问题 村民们向解放军战士泼水,他们也笑着回敬. cf. 1a) smiled and splashed back 1b) splashed back smilingly 1c) laughed and splashed back 1d) splashed back laughingly

10. 2) 在高度竞争化的时代，建立一个国际性的分销与服务网络十分迫切。 In this competitive world, it is urgent to set up an international distribution and after-service network.

11. 3) 这是中国从几十年的建设中得出的经验.That is what we have learned from decades of development.4)社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明,中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.

12. 5) 1979年10月去英国，第一次看到国外的情况，对比自己的国家，我心里比较难受。 Ref. In October, 1979 I went to England. There I came to see conditions quite new to me; comparing them with those in my own country I could not help feeling disheartened…

13. 2. Connotation and denotation. E.g. 1) 菊花，龙…… 2) Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

14. 中国哲学：天人合一，物我交融，和谐，悟性：求全，求圆满，求对称，平衡，心领神会，心理时空的顺序。反映在语言上：重意合，主动语态，重复全面，平衡对称

15. D. 词汇（句子）的节律性(esp. when put in sentences). E.g. A) 汉语中的双音节词和２＋２词组（时间，年龄，etc..)1) She is twenty-five and beautiful. 2) But you couldn’t tell me what it smells like in the Sistine Chapel. You’ve never stood there and looked up at that beautiful ceiling. (Good Will Hunting)

16. 3) 高耸入云／腰缠万贯／风和日丽/美不胜收,etc.4) 风和日丽之时，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。原译：On a day of gentle breeze and bright sun, the Tower dominates an indistinct view of …改译：On a fine day, you can even see …in the distance, though not very clearly.

17. 5) Puritans, a sizeable percentage of the earliest settlers in Massachusetts, were a pious, self-disciplined people, but they...原译: 最 早 到 麻 州 定 居 的 移 民 中， 相 当 大 一 部 分 是 清 教 徒 ， 他 们 是 虔 诚 的 和 严 于 律 已 的 人。试比较: --大多为虔诚自律的清教徒

18. 6) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of various colors and sizes. ?门口堆着至少十二把各种颜色和尺寸的伞．

19. Ref. 门口堆着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一．

20. 7) 两千一百万台湾同胞都是中国人，都是骨肉同胞、手足兄弟。（江泽民八项主张）The 21million compatriots in Taiwan are all Chinese and our own flesh and blood.

21. 2. 句子(Sentences)A. Hypotaxis vs. parataxis (形合与意合)1) When he was walking across the street, he was knocked down by a car.2)If you don’t go there, I won’t go either.3) If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

22. 4) 幽幽岁月，苍海桑田．5) 门铃一响，来了客人，从不谢客，礼当接待．5) Suddenly the bell rang, announcing the arrival of a visitor. As I had never rejected any guest, I thought I should this one as well.

23. B. Static vs. dynamic (静态与动态）1) 孔 子 的 家 里 很 穷， 但 是 他 从 小 就 认 真 读 书， 刻 苦 学 习。 二 十 多 岁 的 时 候， 做 了 个 小 官。 他 很 有 学 问， 办 事 认 真， 工 作 出 色， 三 十 岁 左 右， 就 已 经 很 出 名 了。 1a) He became a petty official in his early twenties. As he was learned, worked in earnest and made an outstanding showing in performing his duties, he had already earned a high reputation by the age of thirty.

24. Revised:1b) He became a petty official in his early twenties. By the age of thirty he had already earned a high reputation for his profound knowledge and earnest attitude towards his work as well as his outstanding performance.

25. 2) 一架从昆明起飞的小飞机,载着我们,飞越群山,把我们送到了景洪.2a) ?A small plane took off from Kunming, carried us, flew over the mountains, and sent us to Jinghong.

26. Improved:2b) A small plane from Kunming flew over the mountains and sent us to Jinghong. (back translation)

27. 3) 公元前278年， 也就是屈原六十二岁那年，他在汩罗江边， 听到秦国军队攻 破了楚国的国都， 便怀着悲痛的心情， 抱了一块石头，投汩罗江自杀 了。

28. 3a)? In 278BC, Qu Yuan was 62. Beside the Miluo River, he heard the news that the army of Qin had broken through the capital of Chu. He was so heartbroken that he held a stone, jumped into the river, and killed himself.

29. 3b) In the year of 278 B.C., when he was 62 and staying at the side of the Miluo River, Qu Yuan heard that Qin troops had finally conquered Chu’scapital. Overwhelmed with grief and despair, he drowned himself in the river, with a large stone in his arms.

30. 4) Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves and by dim lamps.

31. 4a) 党的干部住寒冷的窑洞，吃简陋的饮食，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作着。

32. C. Substitutive vs. reiterative (替代与重复）etc. (substitution vs. repetition)1) 他不懂法语,我也不懂法语.1a) He doesn’t know French. Neither do I.2) 三弦兄,钢琴呢? 钢琴怎么不见了? 钢琴被人偷走了.快抓小偷…

33. 3) Shakespeare’s characters are really alive, so are some of Jane Austin’s. 3a) 莎 士 比 亚 戏 剧 中 的 人 物 都 是 生 活 中 的 现 实 人 物， 简. 奥 斯 汀 小 说 中 的 有 些 人 物 也 是 生 活 中 的 现 实 人 物。( 汉 语 中 不 省 略)

34. 4) 五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地反封建主义。五四运动所以具有这种性质，是……五四运动是在当时世界革命号召之下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级世界革命的一部分。……

35. 4a) The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature, which …its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism. The May 4th Movement possessed….The May 4th Movement came into being at the call of the world revolution, of the Russian revolution, and of Lenin. It was part of …

36. 5) A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.

37. 5a) 要了解一个人，可以看他交什么样的朋友，可以看他看什么样的书，因为有的人跟人交朋友，有的人跟书交朋友，但不管跟人交朋友还是跟书交朋友，都应该交好朋友．

38. D. 词序问题 • 试比较: • 1) I haven’t read this book. • 1a) 我没看过这本书. • 1b) 这本书我没看过. • 2) 你不去我也不去. • 2a) I won’t go there if you don’t go. • 2b) If you don’t go there, I won’t go either.

39. 3) Because/when/after/before…e.g.3a) I didn’t go there because I was ill.3b) Because I was ill, I didn’t go there.

40. 4) （从前）海边住着一位渔夫。4a) At the seaside lived a fisherman.4b) A fisherman lived at the seaside.4c) There lived a fisherman at the seaside.(same structure, different meanings)

41. E. 句子的拆与合1) In 1979 he visited the US for the first time, where he met his first wife Jane.1a) 1979年他第一次去美国。在那里他遇到了他的第一任妻子Jane.

42. 2) In 1979 he visited the US for the first time. There he met his first wife Jane.a) 1979年他第一次去美国。在那里他遇到了他的第一任妻子Jane。（note: back translation. A question: is there any difference in the English versions above?)

43. 3) 山脚下有一座小屋, 屋子的周围有一道竹篱笆。或： 山脚下有一座小屋。屋子的周围有一道竹篱笆。3a) At the foot of the hill was a small hut with a bamboo fence around it.3b) At the foot of the hill was a small hut. Around the hut was a bamboo fence.

44. F. Information structure of the sentence

45. Grammatical analysis • Subject +predicate, e.g. • 1a)John loves Mary. • 1b) Mary loves John. • 2a) There is a book on the desk. • 2b) On the desk there is a book.

46. Information structure • Halliday & Hasan(1976:27): • INFORMATION STRUCTURE...is the ordering of the text, independently of its construction in terms of sentences, clauses and the like, into units of information on the basis of the distinction into GIVEN and NEW…

47. Theme: given/initial element/what is talked aboutTheme: new/the rest of the sentence/what is about the theme

48. 3a) Mr. Brown is their teacher.3b) Their teacher is Mr. Brown. (different presuppositions/answer different questions)

49. cohesion • Cohesion…is the means whereby elements that are structurally unrelated to one another are linked together, through the dependence of one on the other for its interpretation. (Halliday & Hasan, 1976: 27) • (From sentence level to longer stretches of text such as paragraphs…)

50. e.g. 4) John is my friend. He is Mary’s husband. 5) John has lost his book/tooth.