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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia. Extent of Abbasid Empire at it’s height. Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries peasant revolts Al-Mahdi (775-785) Shi-a unreconciled succession not secure.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia

  2. Extent of Abbasid Empire at it’s height

  3. Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries peasant revolts Al-Mahdi (775-785) Shi-a unreconciled succession not secure I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

  4. The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak

  5. A. Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes Harun al-Rashid son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides Persian advisors death followed by civil war al-Ma'mun B. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder Civil unrest Caliphs build lavishly tax burden increases agriculture suffers I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

  6. C. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society Seclusion, veil, harem Diff b/t rich and poor women? D. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power Former provinces threaten Abbasids Buyids, Persia take Baghdad, 945 Sultans Seljuk Turks 1055, defeat Buyids Sunnis Shi'a purges defeat Byzantines, Egypt E. The Impact of the Christian Crusades 1096, Western European Christian knights small kingdoms established Saladin retakes lands last in 1291 I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras

  7. Buyid Empire

  8. Urban growth Merchants thrive A. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature Persian now the court language; replaces Arabic as primary written language administration, literature Arabic in religion, law, sciences Calligraphy Firdawsi (author) Shah-Nama epic poem II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

  9. B. Achievements in the Sciences Math build on Greek work Chemistry Experiments Al-Biruni specific weights of 18 minerals Medicine Hospitals courses of study II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

  10. C. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion Sufis Mysticism Much of religious vitality centered on this movement Ulama Conservative against outside influence Greek philosophy rejected Qur'an sufficient Al-Ghazali (thinker; theologian) synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas opposed by orthodoxy D. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate Mongols Chinggis Khan Hulegu (grandson) 1258, Baghdad falls last Abbasid killed II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements

  11. By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central Conflict between two different systems Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia

  12. The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries

  13. What did India encounter when Muslims entered India? Why were they not used to this? • India used to absorbing peoples into their empire; results from the strength and flexibility of India’s civilizations and from the fact that India’s peoples usually enjoyed a higher level of material culture than migrant groups entering subcontinent • This changes in last years of 7th century • When Muslims arrive, peoples of India encounter, for the 1st time, a large influx of bearers of a civilization as sophisticated, if not as ancient, as their own • Hinduism: • Open, tolerant, inclusive of widely varying forms of religious devotion • Validate caste hierarchy • Islam: • Doctrinaire, committed to the exclusive worship of a single, transcendent god • Highly egalitarian

  14. A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions First Muslims as traders, 8th century attack lead to invasion Muhammad ibn Qasim Umayyad general (17 yrs old) takes Sind, Indus valleys Indians treated as dhimmi B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization Math, medicine, music, astronomy India influences Arab III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia

  15. C. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions 10th century, Turkish slave dynasty established in Afghanistan Mahmud of Ghazni begins invasion of India Muhammad of Ghur Persian Estb. Political state in Indus valley his lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak forms state capital at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years D. Patterns of Conversion Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables also conversion to escape taxes III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia

  16. E. Patterns of Accommodation High-caste Hindus remain apart Muslims also often fail to integrate F. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period Brahmins v. ulama > separate communities III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia

  17. Shrivijaya Trading empire that collapses A. Trading Contacts and Conversion Trading leads to peaceful conversion starting with Sumatran ports in NE (13th century) Malacca Powerful trading city Islam spread from here Coastal cities especially receptive Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia

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