Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Microbes and Plants Dodds & Whiles ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

2. FIGURE 9.1 Micrographs of a spiral cyanobacterium (Spirulina) and the frustule (silicon shell) of a diatom (Navicula). Spirulina spirals are 5 μm wide Navicula is 30 μm wide. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

3. FIGURE 9.2 Electron micrographs of aquatic virus-like particles from two high-mountain lakes. Scale bars 5 100 nm. (Reproduced with permission from Pina et al., 1998). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

4. FIGURE 9.3 Some bacterial morphologies. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

5. FIGURE 9.4 Selected genera of cyanobacteria, with length of scale bar: (A) Aphanizomenon, 30  μm; (B) Anabaena, 20  μm; (C) Oscillatoria, 20  μm; (D) Spirulina 10  μm; (E) Phormidium (distinguish from C by mucous sheath), 20  μm; (F) Scytonema (with false branching), 30  μm; (G) Rivularia, habit view 50  μm, single trichome 25  μm; (H) Microcystis, 20  μm; (I) picocyanobacteria (indeterminate genus), 3  μm; (J) Chroococcus, 10  μm. (A, B, C, G, and H reproduced with permission from Prescott, 1982). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

6. FIGURE 9.5 Selected algal genera, with scale bar length: (A) Tribonema (a xanthophyte), 40  μm; (B) Synura (a chrysophyte), 50  μm; (C) Batrachospermum (a red alga), 1 cm; (D) Vaucheria (a xanthophyte), 200  μm; and (E) Dinobryon (a chrysophyte), 20 μm. (From Prescott, 1978, 1982, reproduced with permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

7. FIGURE 9.6 Common genera of diatoms with scale bar length: (A) Cymbella, 10  μm; (B) Navicula, 10  μm; (C) Surirella, 10  μm; (D) Gomphonema,10  μm; (E) Epithemia, 10  μm; (F), Asterionella, 10  μm; (G) Fragilaria, 10  μm; (H) Melosira, 10  μm; (I) Staurosirella, 3  μm; (J) Stephanodiscus, 2  μm; (K) Coscinodiscus, 10  μm. (A, B, F, H reproduced with permission from Patrick and Reimer, 1966, 1975; D and K reproduced with permission from Prescott, 1982). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

8. FIGURE 9.7 Ruth Patrick. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

9. FIGURE 9.8 Selected algal genera, with scale bar length: (A) Euglena (a euglenophyte), 20  μm; (B) Phacus (a euglenophyte), 20  μm; (C) Trachelomona (a euglenophyte), 20  μm; (D) Peridinium (a dinoflagellate), 20  μm; (E) Ceratium (a dinoflagellate), 20  μm; and (F) Chara (a charophyte) large view 2 cm, close-up 500  μm. (Reproduced with permission from Prescott, 1982). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

10. FIGURE 9.9 Some colonial and single-celled green algae and scale bars: (A) Euastrum, 30  μm; (B) Staurastrum, 25  μm; (C) Netrium, 35  μm; (D) Spondylosium, 25  μm; (E) Pediastrum, 20  μm; (F) Scenedesmus, 20  μm. (Reproduced with permission from Prescott, 1982, and Wehr and Sheath, 2003). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

11. FIGURE 9.10 Common genera of filamentous and flagellated green algae, with scale bar length: (A) Ulothrix, 20  μm; (B) Volvox, 10  μm; (C) Stigeoclonium, 20  μm; (D) Chlamydomonas, 10  μm; (E) Cladophora, 50  μm; (F) Spirogyra, 20  μm; (G) Pandorina, 10  μm; and (H) Basicladia, 30  μm. (Reproduced with permission from Prescott, 1982, and Wehr and Sheath, 2003). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

12. FIGURE 9.11 Selected protozoa and size of associated scale bars: (A) Khawkinea, a zooflagellate, 20  μm; (B) Amoeba, 50  μm; (C) Stentor, a solitary ciliate, 200  μm; (D) Vorticella, a colonial ciliate 75  μm; (E) Hypotrichidium, a ciliate, 30  μm; (F) Paramecium, a ciliate, 60  μm. (Reproduced with permission from Thorp and Covich, 1991b). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

13. FIGURE 9.12 Selected aquatic fungi: (A) Aquatic deuteromycetes, (B) zoophagous species with trapped rotifers, and (C) Arthrobotrys oligospora and a trapped nematode. (Reproduced with permission from Rheinheimer, 1991). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

14. FIGURE 9.13 Growth habit types of aquatic plants. (Reproduced with permission from Riemer, 1984). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

15. FIGURE 9.14 Two morphologies of the buttercup: Ranunculus polyphyllus growing on land (A) and submersed (B). (From G. E. Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. 3, 1975. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

16. FIGURE 9.15 Some species of floating attached (A), and floating unattached (B–F) macrophytes: (A) Nymphaea, water lily; (B) Pistia, water lettuce; (C) Azolla, water velvet; (D) Spirodela polyrhiza, duckweed; (E) Salvinia, water fern; (F) Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth. Scale bar 5 2 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Reimer, 1984). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

17. FIGURE 9.16 Some species of submerged aquatic plants: (A) Elodea canadensis, waterweed; (B) Myriophyllum spicatum, water milfoil; (C) Potamogeton nodosus, pondweed; (D) Ceratophyllum, coontail; (E) Hydrilla verticillata, hydrilla; (F) Utricularia, bladderwort; (G) Potamogeton pussilus, pondweed, compare with C; (H) Potamogeton robbinsii, pondweed, compare with C and G; and (I) Vallisneria americana, wild celery; Scale bar 5 4 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Reimer, 1984). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

18. FIGURE 9.17 Some emergent aquatic plants: (A) Peltandra virginica, arrow arum; (B) Sagittaria latifolia, arrowhead; (C) Scirpus validus, great bulrush; (D) Zizania aquatica, wild rice; (E) Typha, cattail; (F) Carex lanuginose wooly sedge; (G) Eleocharis obtuse, spikerush. Scale bar in A, B, D, and E 10 cm; C, F, and G 5 cm. (Reproduced with permission from Riemer, 1984). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.