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Mineral Oils - Nature’s Synthesis

Cyclic/Aromatic. Paraffinic. Low cost. Big mixture. Mineral Oil. Mineral Oils - Nature’s Synthesis. Mineral oil refining removes many of the least desirable components (e.g. aromatics, waxes) and modifies the rest (e.g. hyrofinishing , hydrodewaxing and/or hydroprocessing ).

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Mineral Oils - Nature’s Synthesis

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  1. Cyclic/Aromatic Paraffinic Low cost Big mixture Mineral Oil Mineral Oils - Nature’s Synthesis Mineral oil refining removes many of the least desirable components (e.g. aromatics, waxes) and modifies the rest (e.g. hyrofinishing, hydrodewaxing and/or hydroprocessing)

  2. Base Stock Component Properties ParaffinsIso-ParaffinsNaphthenes Aromatics VIvery high high medium/low lowest Pour pointhigh low lower lowest Tractionlowest low medium/high medium/high Volatilitylow low higher highest Solvencypoor fair good excellent Oxidationgood good lower easily Resistanceresistance oxidized

  3. Synthetic Base stocks • Synthesized hydrocarbons • Synthesized non-hydrocarbons (typically containing oxygen atoms)

  4. Synthesized hydrocarbons • Polyalphaolefins • Polybutenes • Alkylated aromatics • Cycloaliphatics

  5. Polyalphaolefins (PAO) • Chain molecular structures synthesized from ethylene polymerization • High VI and high oxidation stability • Low pour point, traction and volatility • Best as engine base stock. Most popular PAO is polydecenes, which is the base stock of Mobil 1

  6. Polymerization of ethylene

  7. Polymerization R - CH CH2 - CH H R - CH = CH2 x Hydrogenation CH3 R Hydrogenated trimers,tetramers, etc. Alpha-olefins PAO Manufacture 1-Decene Polydecene “Ideal” Actual

  8. Synthetic Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Hydrogenated Polydecene

  9. Synthetic Lubricants Catalytic Polymerization Crude Oil 1-Decene Atmospheric Distillation Sales & Marketing Distillation Distillation Cracker Feed Alphaolefins Catalytic Cracking Catalytic Polymerization Hydrogenation Blending Light Olefins Ethylene Polydecene Separation Formulation Additives From Crude Oil to Synthetic Lubricants • Synthetics are usually sourced from crude oil • Many manufacturing steps result in high cost

  10. On sale at Walmart for $5.00

  11. Polybutenes • Synthezied through controlled polymerization of butenesand isobutenes • High dielectrics constant – electrical insulating oils • Low thermal stability – metal working and compressor lubes to decompose to gases • High molecular weight polybutenes or polyisobutenes are used as VI improvers

  12. Alkylated aromatics • Synthesized from alkylation of benzenes • Very low pour point and low viscosity – subzero temperature applications

  13. Cycloaliphatics • Synthesized naphthenes, multi-ring-structured molecules • Develop a glasslike structure under high stresses to yield high traction • Used as traction-drive fluids, also used in rolling bearings to reduce roller skidding

  14. Synthesized non-hydrocarbons • Organic esters • Polyglycols • Phosphate esters • Silicate esters • Polyphenylesters

  15. Organic esters • Dibasic acid esters: • Polyol esters: Wide temperature range and good thermal stability Used as base stocks for essentially all jet engine lubes

  16. Polyglycols • The largest single class of synthetic lubricant bases • High VI and low pour point • Used mainly as brake fluids and hydraulic fluids

  17. Phosphate esters • High fire resistance • Used mainly as hydraulic fluids and compressor lubes • Also used as antiwear additives by its formation of phosphide films on metal surfaces

  18. Silicate ester • Extremely high VI > 300 • Used mainly as heat exchanger fluids

  19. Polyphenylesters • Most thermally and oxidatively stable • Used mainly as heat transfer fluids

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