TEACHING BY PROVIDING CONCRETENESS, ACTIVITY, AND FAMILIARITY

1. TEACHING BY PROVIDING CONCRETENESS, ACTIVITY, AND FAMILIARITY Concrete Methods, Discovery Methods & Inductive Methods

2. TEACHING BY PROVIDING CONCRETENESS, ACTIVITY, AND FAMILIARITY • Desire to Learn (D2L) – Discussion Summaries • Syllabus revision • High Yield Learning Activity #2 – due Nov. 18th • Chapter 7 Feedback review • Chapter 8 Concrete, Discovery, Inductive Methods review For next Thursday (Tues. is election day: VOTE!) Read chapter 9; work on HYLA #2

3. Behaviorist View: Response learning—the acquisition of a new response Reinforcement: strengthens behaviors; punishment: weakens behaviors; no cognition required Cognitive View: Feedback is information that you can use to interpret to make sense of the learning situation Dependent NOT on the actual feedback but on your interpretation of the MEANING of the feedback that is important Views of the Effects of Feedback

4. Mr. Antonovich: April: Mr. Antonovich: What is the longitude of Chicago, April? About 40 degrees. No, …think about it for a second… Can you help her… Jeremy? Three Examples: One

5. Ms. Salinas: Max: Ms. Salinas: What is the longitude of Chicago, Max? About 40 degrees. No, it’s about 88 degrees west. What is its latitude, Stephanie? Three Examples: Two

6. Ms. Bentley: Sam: Ms. Bentley: What is the longitude of Chicago, Sam? About 40 degrees. No, keep in mind we are measuring degrees east and west. Chicago is which direction from Greenwich? Three Examples: Three

7. Example Analysis • Mr. Antonovich • Gave immediate feedback, gave no further information • Ms. Salinas • Gave immediate feedback, but no information on how to correct • Ms. Bentley • Gave immediate feedback with corrective information and asks another question that then allows the student to answer successfully

8. Take Home Message on Feedback • Effective Feedback • It is immediate • It is specific • It provides corrective information for the learner • It has a positive emotional tone

9. 3 Techniques to provide meaningful instruction • Concrete Materials – make the learning task more concrete • Discovery Activities – make the learner more active in the learning task • Inductive Sequencing –make the learning task more familiar by having the learner use prior knowledge

10. Concrete Methods

11. Concrete methods • Goal: Making ideas more concrete in a learner’s mind by relating the problem (abstract concept) to concrete objects • Concrete Manipulatives • Physical objects students move and rearrange that facilitate understanding of the concept being taught

12. Concrete Materials Common in Teaching Math and Science • Examples in Math: • Base 10 blocks (called Dienes Blocks in book) • Tangrams • Geoboards • Play money • Montessori Materials – example from book • Using beads to represent 1s, 10s and 100s • Progress to expanded notation using colored labels • Progress to standard notation using superimposed labels • Standard notation

13. Bruner’s Theory of Cognitive Development (1964) • Three modes of representing information used in learning a new skill • Enactive mode – using actions • Iconic mode – using visualization • Symbolic mode – using language or other symbols • 3 phase course of conceptual development

14. Concrete Manipulatives in Mathematics--Bundles of sticks in math (Brownell,1935;Brownell and Moser,1945)- • The use of manipulatives in teaching was first systematically tested in the 1930’s • Brownell and Moser (1949)- • Two 3rd grade groups were taught to solve two-digit subtraction problems • One group by the standard method and the other using concrete manipulatives • Found: • Both groups could solve problems like those used during instruction • The advantage of meaningful learning comes when the child is asked to transfer that knowledge to a new situation. • Concrete manipulatives group performed better in learning to solve different problems

15. Controversy Found in Recent Research • Use of Concrete Materials alone does not guarantee successful acquisition of concepts • Factors of influence • Wrong type of material- manipulatives that hinder learning of abstract concepts • Structure of learning environment that doesn’t support learning from concrete materials • Failing to connect the concrete materials to the abstract representations

16. Take Home Message • Material • Select material that is simple representations of concepts to be taught. • Structured learning environment • Do not allow students to “play” or “free explore” concrete materials prior to instruction of how to use them in relation to the concept being taught. • Make explicit how concrete materials are physical representations of the symbolic system

17. Discovery Methods Students as explorers

18. Discovery Methods • Goal: students become active in the learning process as they work to discover the rules for solving the problem without being instructed • Three kinds of discovery methods • Pure discovery- student independently discover method for solving problem with minimal teacher guidance. • Guided discovery- student discover method for solving problem with teacher guidance (hints and/or directions) • Expository- student are explicitly told how to solve the problem

19. Do Discovery Methods lead to Learning? • Immediate Retention • Equal for guided discovery and expository • Lowest for pure discovery- suggesting less learning occurs • Long-term Retention • Guided discovery better than both pure discovery and expository • Lowest for pure discovery- suggesting learning wasn’t meaningful • Teaching for transfer: Ability of the student to transfer information from what they have learned to a new situation • Guided discovery better than both pure discovery and expository • Lowest for pure discovery- • Implications • Extra processing required by students under direction found in guided discovery method leads student to retain more information and transfer that information to novel learning situations.

20. Inductive methods

21. Inductive Methods • Goal: making the learning task more familiar by having the learner use prior knowledge • Inductive Reasoning: ability to abstract a general rule or principle based upon a specific example or instantiation.

22. Inductive methods • Inductive Method- the rule is given only after the learner has induced the underlying framework for the rule. • Example: Area = Base x Height • Rather than giving the formula allow students to attempt various methods for solve problems first then introduce the rule later. • Findings: Improves long-term retention and increases transfer

23. “GIVE A MAN A FISH; FEED HIM FOR A DAY. TEACH A MAN TO FISH; FEED HIM FOR A LIFETIME.” A CHINESE PROVERB BY LAO TZU