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Maths project

Maths project. SWATHI.L.B 11 E K.V.PATTOM. COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS. Introduction. We know that the equation x 2 + 1 = 0 has no real solution as x 2 + 1 = 0 gives x 2 = – 1 and square of every real number is non-negative. So, we need to extend the

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Maths project

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  1. Maths project SWATHI.L.B 11 E K.V.PATTOM

  2. COMPLEX NUMBERS ANDQUADRATIC EQUATIONS

  3. Introduction We know that the equation x2 + 1 = 0 has no real solution as x2 + 1 = 0 gives x2 = – 1 and square of every real number is non-negative. So, we need to extend the real number system to a larger system so that we can find the solution of the equation x2 = – 1. In fact, the main objective is to solve the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where D = b2 – 4ac < 0, which is not possible in the system of real numbers.

  4. Complex Numbers Let us denote −1 by the symbol i. Then, we have i2 = −1 . This means that i is a solution of the equation x2 + 1 = 0. A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is defined to be a complex number. For example, 2 + i3, (– 1) + i 3 , Is a complex numbers. For the complex number z = a + ib, a is called the real part, denoted by Re z and b is called the imaginary part denoted by Im z of the complex number z. For example, if z = 2 + i5, then Re z = 2 and Im z = 5. Two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are equal if a = c and b = d.

  5. Algebra of Complex Numbers In this Section, we shall develop the algebra of complex numbers. Addition of two complex numbers Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers. Then, the sum z1 + z2 is defined as follows: z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d), which is again a complex number. For example, (2 + i3) + (– 6 +i5) = (2 – 6) + i (3 + 5) = – 4 + i 8 The addition of complex numbers satisfy the following properties: (i) The closure law The sum of two complex numbers is a complex number, i.e., z1 + z2 is a complex number for all complex numbers z1 and z2. (ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 + z2 = z2 + z1

  6. Difference of two complex numbers Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2, the difference z1 – z2 is defined as follows: z1 – z2 = z1 + (– z2). For example, (6 + 3i) – (2 – i) = (6 + 3i) + (– 2 + i ) = 4 + 4i and (2 – i) – (6 + 3i) = (2 – i) + ( – 6 – 3i) = – 4 – 4i COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 99 Multiplication of two complex numbers Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers. Then, the product z1 z2 is defined as follows: z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc) For example, (3 + i5) (2 + i6) = (3 × 2 – 5 × 6) + i(3 × 6 + 5 × 2) = – 24 + i28 The multiplication of complex numbers possesses the following properties, which we state without proofs.

  7. (i) The closure law The product of two complex numbers is a complex number, the product z1 z2 is a complex number for all complex numbers z1 and z2. (ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 z2 = z2 z1 . (iii) The associative law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, (z1 z2) z3 = z1 (z2 z3). (iv) The existence of multiplicative identity There exists the complex number 1 + i 0 (denoted as 1), called the multiplicative identity such that z.1 = z, for every complex number z. (v) The existence of multiplicative inverse For every non-zero complex number z = a + ib or a + bi(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), we have the complex number

  8. The square roots of a negative real number Note that i2 = –1 and ( – i)2 = i2 = – 1 Therefore, the square roots of – 1 are i, – i. However, by the symbol − , we would mean i only. Now, we can see that i and –i both are the solutions of the equation x2 + 1 = 0 or x2 = –1. Similarly ( ) ( ) 2 2 3i = 3 i2 = 3 (– 1) = – 3 ( )2 − 3i = ( )2 − 3 i2 = – 3 Therefore, the square roots of –3 are 3 i and − 3i . Again, the symbol −3 is meant to represent 3 i only, i.e., −3 = 3 i . Generally, if a is a positive real number, −a = a −1 = a i ,

  9. We already know that a× b = ab for all positive real number a and b. This result also holds true when either a > 0, b < 0 or a < 0, b > 0. What if a < 0, b < 0? Let us examine. Note that COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 101 i2 = −1 −1= (−1) (−1) (by assuming a× b = ab for all real numbers) = 1 = 1, which is a contradiction to the fact that i = − . Therefore, a× b≠ ab if both a and b are negative real numbers. Further, if any of a and b is zero, then, clearly, a× b= ab= 0. 5.3.7 Identities We prove the following identity ( )2 2 2 z1+z2 =z1+z2+2z1z2, for all complex numbers z1 and z2.

  10. The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then, the modulus of z, denoted by | z |, is defined to be the non-negative real number a2+b2, i.e., | z | = a2+b2 and the conjugate of z, denoted as z , is the complex number a – ib, i.e., z = a – ib. For example, 3+i =32+12=10, 2−5i = 22+(−5)2= 29 , and 3+i=3−i, 2−5i=2+5i, −3i −5 = 3i – 5

  11. Summary 􀂐A number of the form a + ib, where a and b are real numbers, is called a complex number, a is called the real part and b is called the imaginary part of the complex number. 􀂐Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id. Then (i) z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d) (ii) z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i (ad + bc) 􀂐For any non-zero complex number z = a + ib (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), there exists the complex number 2 2 2 2

  12. 􀂐For any integer k, i4k = 1, i4k + 1 = i, i4k + 2 = – 1, i4k + 3 = – i 􀂐The conjugate of the complex number z = a + ib, denoted by z , is given by z = a – ib. 􀂐The polar form of the complex number z = x + iy is r (cosè + i sinè), where r = x2+ y2 (the modulus of z) and cosè = x r , sinè = y r . (è is known as the argument of z. The value of è, such that – ð < è ≤ ð, is called the principal argument of z.

  13. SUMS • Convert the given complex number in polar form: –3 • Answer • Discussion • –3 • Let r cos θ = –3 and r sin θ = 0 • On squaring and adding, we obtain

  14. Convert the given complex number in polar form: –3 • Answer • Discussion • –3Convert the given complex number in polar form: –3 • Answer • Discussion • –3 • Let r cos θ = –3 and r sin θ = 0 • On squaring and adding, we obtain • Let r cos θ = –3 and r sin θ = 0 • On squaring and adding, we obtain

  15. Historical Note The fact that square root of a negative number does not exist in the real number system was recognised by the Greeks. But the credit goes to the Indian mathematician Mahavira (850 A.D.) who first stated this difficulty clearly. “He mentions in his work ‘Ganitasara Sangraha’ as in the nature of things a negative (quantity) is not a square (quantity)’, it has, therefore, no square root”. Bhaskara, another I

  16. Indian mathematician, also writes in his work Bijaganita, written in 1150. A.D. “There is no square root of a negative quantity, for it is not a square.” Cardan (1545 A.D.) considered the problem of solving x + y = 10, xy = 40. He obtained x = 5 + −15 and y = 5 – −15 as the solution of it, which was discarded by him by saying that these numbers are ‘useless’. Albert Girard (about 1625 A.D.) accepted square root of negative numbers and said that this

  17. will enable us to get as many roots as the degree of the polynomial equation. Euler was the first to introduce the symbol i for −1 and W.R. Hamilton (about 1830 A.D.) regarded the complex number a + ib as an ordered pair of real numbers (a, b) thus giving it a purely mathematical definition and avoiding use of the so called ‘imaginary numbers’.

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