欧 洲

1. 欧 洲

2. 1.物流 • Logistics - The "practical art of moving armies." (Antoine Henri Jomini) • 物流的一般定义是军队迁移的实践艺术。

3. 1.物流 • 2）The Oxford English Dictionary defines logistics as "the branch of military science having to do with procuring, maintaining and transporting materiel, personnel and facilities." • 物流被定义成军事科学的一个分支，它必须做的是取得、维护、运送物、人员和设备。

4. 1.物流 • 3）Logistics - (business definition) Logistics is defined as a business planning framework for the management of material, service, information and capital flows. It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in today's business environment. -- (Logistix Partners Oy, Helsinki, FI, 1996) • 物流－（商务定义）物流可定义如下：它是商务计划的基本构架，是对物料，服务，信息以及资金流动的管理。这其中还包括现今商业环境中极为复杂的信息，通讯 以及控制系统。

5. 1.物流 • 4）In the modern military world,’logistics’is the science which seeks to plan for the joint influence of two factors-time and space-which have a major bearing on the tactical movements of troops. • 在近代的军事领域，物流是试图为两个共同影响的因素计划-时间和空间-他们对军队的战术调动有着重要的影响。( A dictionary of military history and the art of war By André Corvisier, John Childs)

6. 1.物流 • 5）Logistcs is the art of moving and servicing troops in accordance with the tactical and strategic requirements.( Introduction à l'histoire militaire by Eric Muraise) • 物流是依照战术和战略上的需要，迁移和服务军队的艺术。

7. 2.运输 • 1）《Negotiations On Transport And Logistics Services》 • Over the last few decades, the transport industry has been transformed by the demands of an increasingly integrated global economy. Maritime transport services are no longer associated with strictly port-to-port movements, but, rather, are an integral component of comprehensive door-to-door transport services. • 在过去的几十年间，世界经济的快速发展已经让让运输行业有了极大的转变。海上运输服务不再是港口到港口的的一种移动，而是成为了门到门运输服务中不可或缺的一部分。

8. 2.运输 • 2）http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346423/logistics/53057/Transportation大英百科全书 History & Society ：logistics • Before the development of steam propulsion, armies depended for mobility on the muscles of men and animals and the force of the wind. On land they used men and animals to haul and carry; on water they used oar-driven and sail-propelled vessels. Among these various modes the balance of advantage was often delicate. A force moving by water was vulnerable to storm andenemy attack; navigation was an uncertain art; transports were expensive and of limited capacity. Large expeditions could be undertaken only by wealthy states or seafaring peoples, such as the Scandinavians of the 8th and 9th centuries • 在蒸汽推进力的发展之前，军队的流动主要依靠人和动物的肌肉以及风的力量。在陆地上他们使用人和动物拖拉和运载; 在水中他们使用了靠驾驶桨和使用风帆的船。 在这些各种各样的方式之中，好处的平衡常常是微妙的，水的推动力相对于风暴和袭击来说是脆弱的， 航海常常是不确定的; 运输是昂贵并且只能装有限的容量。 大远征只能被由富人或从事航海事业的人承担，例如第8和第9世纪的斯堪的纳维亚人

9. 2.运输 • 3）《A dictionary of military history and the art of war 》By André Corvisier , John Childs • Transport ：ensuring that appropriate levels of equipment are maintained and that both the equipment and the troops are in good condition .these tasks are executed by the army service corps. • 运输：确保设备处于合理的运作水平之中，设备和军队都在好的状态下，这些任务被服务军队的队伍所执行。

10. 2.运输 • 4）《Sustainable transport》From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia（大英百科全书） • Trends in freight logistics, including a movement from rail and coastal shipping to road freight and a requirement for just in time deliveries, meant that freight traffic grew faster than general vehicle traffic. • 货运物流的发展趋势，包括从铁路运输和沿海航运转变成公路运输和准时货运的要求，那意味着货运交通的增长将快于一般的车辆交通。

11. 2.运输 • 5）《Developing a Standard Definition of Intermodal Transportation》W. Brad Jones C. Richard Cassady, PH.D. Royce O. Bowden, Jr., Ph.D. • CNC transports, a French company specializing in intermodal transportation and logistics services ,presents the following definition for intermodal transportation on their web site:“The conveyance of goods via a combination of at least two transport modes within the same transport chain, during which there is no change in the container used for transport and in which the major part of the journey is by rail, inland waterway, or by sea ,whereas the initial and final part of the journey is as short as possible”. • CNC运输，法国公司专门从事联运方式运输的和物流服务的公司，在他们的网站上提出了以下关于联运方式运输的定义：“物品通过同一条运输连锁线之内的至少二种交通方式的组合进行运输，在这期间用于运输的集装箱没有变化，并且旅途的大部分是由铁路，国内航道，或者航海，而旅途的最初和最后的部分尽可能地短。

12. 3.储存 • 1）storage, the means of holding and protecting commodities for later use. • 储存，意思是为以后的使用而持有和保护商品 • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567498/storage来自大英百科全书

13. 3.储存 • 2） A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. • 仓库是一种用于储存货物的商用建筑，仓库一般由制造商、进口商、出口商、批发商，运输企业、消费者等使用。他们通常是大的平原式建筑群在城市或乡镇的工业区。他们通常有码头来从货车上装卸货物。 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehousing来自维基百科

14. 4.装卸&搬运 • 1）Any guidance issued to local authorities must contain a clear definition of loading and unloading - that it is not just the act of actually taking goods in and out of the back of a lorry. Lorries and vans may appear to be just parked up, when in fact the driver is more than likely completing paperwork, checking the delivery/pick-up or installing the item for the customer. • 任何关系到当地政府的指导意见必须包含对“装卸”的明晰的定义——它不仅仅只是从货车的货厢中将东西放进去或者是搬出来。卡车和大篷货车可能仅仅是停在那里的时候，事实上司机更多的在完成文书工作，检查寄送的货物或为顾客提取或者安置物料项目。 • http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmtran/748/74813.htm ——www.parliament.UK中The Freight Transport Association的定义

15. 4.装卸&搬运 • 2）Loading and unloading is considered to be taking the items to and from the vehicle and having a delivery signed for, but does not cover packing, unpacking or assembly. Stopping to go to the toilet, for a conversation or for any other activity not involved in the actual moving or delivery of the items is also not considered part of the process. • 装卸被认为是将物料项目放进或搬出交通工具和对寄送的货物进行签发，但是不包括包装、拆封或装配。停下来去洗手间，去参加会议或者是其他任何不包含在实质的运送或递送物料项目的行为都不能被认为是这一过程的组成部分。 • http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/Transport%20and%20Streets/Parking/street/loadingunloading.aspx ——来自英国的盖茨黑德政府网站

16. 4.装卸&搬运 • 3）Materials handling,the movement of raw goods from their native site to the point of use in manufacturing,their subsequent manipulation in production processes, and the transfer of finished products from factories and their distribution to users or sales outlets. • 物料搬运，是原材料从原产地往制造用地点的移动，在生产过程中的它们的后续操纵，和产成品从工厂和分销商到使用者或产品经销商的移动。 • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/369065/materials-handling ——来自大英百科全书

17. 4.装卸&搬运 • 4）Materials handling covers the movement, protection, storage and control of materials throughout the process of their manufacture, distribution, consumption and disposal. • 物料搬运包括移动，防护，储存和物料在生产过程中的控制，分发，消费和处理。 • [1]S. S. Verma.Materials handing[J]. Chemical Business,2009,

18. 4.装卸&搬运 • 5）we found that the implementation of material handling systems involves both human and technical factors. These human and technical factors interact over time and go through three somewhat overlapping transitional stages. • 我们可以发现装卸系统包括人力和技术因素。人力和技术这两个因素随着时间的推移相互影响并且一起经历三个一定程度上重叠的过渡阶段。 • [2] Satya S. Chakravorty. Improving distribution operations: Implementation of material handling systems[J]. Production Economics 122 (2009) 89–106

19. 5.包装 • 1）packaging, the technology and art of preparing a commodity for convenient transport, storage, and sale. • 包装，销售的技术和艺术的准备和商品，方便运输，贮存。

20. 5.包装 • 2）虽然起源的 包装 可以追溯到皮革，玻璃，陶土容器和商业企业的最早的西方，其经济意义已经大大增加，因为一开始的 工业革命。 市场对当代软件包旨在保护环境的商品和环境的危害，从处理;提供一个分销商和消费者的管理单位，对包装产品的生产者;并确定该产品的方式在这呼吁潜力买主。 软件包还必须 ...

21. 5.包装 • 3）研究方向

22. 6.流通加工 • 1）流通加工（Distribution Processing）是物品在生产地到使用地的过程中，根据需要施加包装、分割、计量、分拣、刷标志、拴标签、组装等简单作业的总称。 • Distribution processing (Distribution Processing) is the place to use in the production of goods to the process, according to a need to impose packaging division, measurement, sorting, brush marks, tying labels, such as simple assembly operations in general.

23. 6.流通加工 • 2）研究方向

24. 7.配送 • 1）维基百科distribution： • In probability theory and statistics, the logistic distribution is a continuous probability distribution. Its cumulative distribution function is the logistic function, which appears in logistic regression and feed forward neural networks. It resembles the normal distribution in shape but has heavier tails • 在概率论与统计，物流配送是一个连续概率分布。其累积分布函数的后勤功能，这在逻辑回归和前馈神经网络的出现。它的形状类似于正态分布，但更重的尾巴

25. 7.配送 • 2）《Introduction to Distribution Logistics》 • 作者：（意）Palol Brandimarte • （意）Giulio Zotteri • A distribution network is characterized by a physical arrangement of facilities, such as warehouses and transit points, in a possibly wide geographical area. The physical arrangement of facilities does not tell the whole story, as goods flow in the network by some transportation means. Inventory and transportation management strategies contribute to the definition of a distribution network. • 一个分销网络的特点，如仓库和中转站设施，物理安排，在可能广泛的地理区域。由于物流在这个分销网络中通过一些运输手段，该设施的实际安排并不能说明整个情况。库存与运输管理的策略有助于分销网络的定义

26. 7.配送 • When designing a distribution network, we should make our decisions in a way that supports a specific strategy. There is no single ”one-best-way” strategy that works in all possible settings. A strategy is a compromise between the need of achieving a good competitive position, according to a selected profile, and the need of keeping costs low. • 当设计一个分销网络，我们应当以建立一种特殊的战略的方法来做决定。没有单一的“最好的方式”的战略，在所有可能的设置工作。 战略是完成需求与良好的竞争地位之间的一个最佳方案，根据选中的配置，并保持低成本的需要。

27. 7.配送 • A distribution network typically include locations in which goods are stocked. Common wisdom maintains that inventories are the source of a long array of evils and should be kept as low as possible. In fact, inventories are a source of many relevant costs, but the play specific roles in achieving a certain competitive position. Hence, they must be properly managed and we should have their functions very clear in mind. • 一个典型的分销网络，其中包括货物摆放位置。现在普遍认为，库存已经成为罪恶之源，应保持尽可能低。事实上，库存是许多有关费用的来源，但在实现了一定的竞争地位发挥的具体作用。因此，他们必须得到适当的管理，我们应该清楚的掌握这些功能。

28. 7.配送 • 3）荷兰《欧洲物流强国》专访荷兰物流协会亚太区总监Karin Rancurent Distribution • 目前在欧洲有三种最流行的供应链的模式。第一种是传统的分销中心， 即将仓库建立在某一个地方，所有的货物都是以该点为中心， 向欧洲其他地区销售，这种模式成本较低；但对于大型企业来讲，一个分销中心远远不能满足需求，这便产生了第二种模式：企业根据客户对于送货时间的不同要求，在一个地区内设立几个仓储中心，向周边发货。第三种叫做网络式分销中心。即在一个经济区域里选若干个点作为分销中心，与第二种的区别在于，这几个分销中心彼此联系，而不是只负责一个地区，其优点是速度快、成本低。

29. 7.配送 • 4）全球化供应链管理促进零售业发展 • 【原文出处】国际商业技术【 作 者】Alan Braithwaite(英)　零售发货中央化的增长 • 　　要对如此大规模的配送进行中央管理，零售商往往要在仓库、设备、运输车队等方面作出庞大投资。大部分零售商都认为这种投资是值得的，因为它们已从中得到了利益。这些利益主要包括三大方面。第一方面：中央配送能使零售商增强他们对供货商的议价能力，同时也可从全柜运货至配送中心过程中得到折扣。第二方面，中央贮货可以减少零售链中的仓储点。根据物流基本“定律”之一，中央配送不但可大大减低所需货贮量，而且能腾出商店的仓储空间更有效地用于商品销售。在货物处理运作方面，由中央配送中心的几次大量发货也会比供货商进行多次发货来得更有效。最后，中央配送不仅节省了成本，也提高了对客户服务的水准，从而增加了业务收入。一旦缺货情况得以改善，货类品种得到增加，并在一定程度上包含更多的“自有品牌”产品，商品质量就会随之得到提高。

30. 7.配送 • 中央配送不但与全球零售业的增长息息相关，而且也导致了传统批发业的不断减少。这些规模大的零售单位足以将以前许多销售范围的批发业务进行集中处理。而规模较小的独立零售商，有的只拥有一个商店，就没有充足的资源或能力去实现配送中央化。它们必须继续依赖各类批发商取得各类货品及整合的运送服务。然而，愈来愈多的例子证明，独立的零售商联合创造一个可以共享的配送系统，就可以有效地建立它们自己的批发网络。我们注意到，这种运作模式特别适用于分割的零售市场，如中国。实际上在法国的零售业发展史上，这也是一个非常重要的因素。 • 在过去的20年里，很多零售业的配送中心经历了效率方面的变化及改善。它们由零售供应链中的仓储库变成了“无货”分类点。大部分的货物流量是以“交接运输（Cross－docking）”的方式来处理的，而不是用以前的货物配分至货架上贮存的方式。这方式改变了零售配送中心的货场设计、空间的运用及其它有关设备等

31. 8.信息处理 • 1）《物流管理》第二版 作者：（英）Alan Harrison（荷）Remko van Hoek • Information flow • Information flow of demand data from the end-customer back to purchasing and to suppliers, and supply data from suppliers to the retailer, so that material flow can be accurately planned and controlled. • 信息流的需求数据从最终客户回采购和供应商，提供数据和从供应商到零售商，使物料流可以准确计划和控制。