ISCI 3rd International Conference 28th July 2011, University of York

ISCI 3rd International Conference28th July 2011, University of York Challenges in the analysis of children’s health risks caused by indoor air pollution in developing countries using and processing data on children’s well-being Yoko Shimada, Setsunan University, Japan Yuzuru Matsuoka, Kyoto University, Japan

Presentation plan • Background • Objectives of research • Concept of estimation • Results of the analysis • Summary and outlook for the future

WHO “Fuel for Life: Household Energy and Health” p.29 Background (1) Developing countries Household energy use: mainly relies on combustion of solid fuels Emission of air pollutants (CO, SO2, NO2, PM etc.) People are exposed to indoor air pollution Biomass (wood, animal dung, crop wastes), charcoal, coal Exposure affects mainly women while cooking, and infants and young children who are usually with their mothers near the cooking area. Direct health impacts

Background (2) Key Health effects of indoor air pollution ・Childhood Acute Lower Respiratory Infections (ALRI) ・Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ・Lung Cancer UNDP/WHO 2009 report “The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries, A review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa” ・　56% of people in developing countries still rely on solid fuels for cooking. 3 billion people（almost half the world’s population) ・ 2 million deaths annually are associated with the indoor burning of solid fuels in unventilated kitchens 44% of these deaths are children. among adult deaths; 60 % are women

Background (3) Suggested improvement measures: ・ Improved stoves ・ Improved ventilation ・ Kitchen design and placement of the stove ・ Using clean fuels (kerosene, gas) , or electricity Recognize and assess the exposure of people to this kind of pollution

Objectives of research To develop a model to quantitatively analyze indoor air exposure concentration for individual cohorts categorized according to sex, age, occupation status and other factors To assess the impact of exposure in detail by linking people’s use of time which reflect differences in individual daily life activities

The selected indoor air pollutant: PM2.5 ・ Small particles < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter ・ Penetrate deep into the lungs and appear to have the greatest potential to damage health WHO Air Quality Guideline was set in 2005 Annual mean 10 μg/m3 24 hour mean 25 μg/m3

Concept of estimation

: Microenvironment : PM2.5 concentration in microenvironment Estimation of Indoor PM2.5 Exposure Daily IndoorPM2.5 exposure concentration (μg/m3) for cohort : Time proportion of cohort staying in microenvironment

Cohort classification ・ Cohort classification must represent a variety of individuals. ・ Cohorts of children are important to estimate indoor PM2.5 exposure, because PM2.5 exposure affects mainly women, and young children who are with their mothers during cooking and other household activities. Age Working status Gender 0 1～4 5～14 15～24 25～34 35～64 65+ Working Not working 22 types of cohort Male Female × ×

Type of cohort

“Microenvironment “ A space that has a uniform concentration of pollutants and in which people are present temporarily Interior space of the residence as being made up of a finite number of microenvironments defined by Duan (1982)

Microenvironment indoors at home

PM2.5 concentration in microenvironment Emission Factor (μg/KJ) Fuel Consumption (KJ/hour) Air Exchange Rate (1/hour) Volume of Microenvironment (m3) Removal Rate from indoor air (1/hour)

Fuel Consumption for each type of fuel ← International Energy Agency: “World Energy Outlook 2002” “Energy Balances of Non-OECD countries 1960-2005 PM2.5 Emission Factor for each type of fuel

Air exchange rate ← Zhang et al., 1999, Davidson et al. 1986 Removal rate of PM2.5 from indoor ←Ozkaynak et al., 1996 Volume of each microenvironment This is calculated using the data on floor areas, which assumes the height of each microenvironment to be 2 meters. Household survey data or Census for each country

Time Use Survey Data Time allocation of daily activities classified by gender, age, working status Corresponding time proportion of each cohort staying in 3 microenvironment A (Cooking & Eating) B (Heating) C (Lighting)

Time Use Survey Data In almost all countries, the respondents in the time use survey were 15 years of age or over. Time proportion of each cohort of children (boys and girls aged 0, 1 to 4, and 5 – 14) is set using survey data related to children’s labor, education and daily life

Children’s time use activity categories

Setting of children’s time spent at home for each activity ・Staying in kitchen Assumed by referring to the time spent cooking by unemployed females aged 25 – 34; the mothers with children in each country. ↑ For children aged 0 and 1 to 4, the daily life activity time for children in each country is thought to take place in the kitchen, with the children being carried by their mother, and as a result they are thought to be exposed to fuel combustion during cooking. ・ Working time for 0 and 1 - 4 years of age :assumed to be zero for 5 - 14 years of age: set using the data from UNICEF: ” The state of the world’s children 2009” ILO: “Global child labor trends 2000 to 2004” (2006) UCW★(Understanding Children’s Work): “Child labor survey database” ★ A joint program of the ILO, UNICEF and World Bank

・Time spent at school set using the data from UNICEF: ” The state of the world’s children 2009” UCW: “Child labor survey database” ・Sleeping time set using the data from Benesse Co., Ltd. : “Basic Survey on Young Children's Daily Lives and Parents' Childrearing in Five East Asian Cities: Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai, and Taipei.” ・ Time spent in other activities we were unable to obtain data.

Classification of time proportion of each cohort of children staying in each microenvironment Corresponding time proportion of each cohort of children staying in the 3 microenvironments: A, B and C.

Results of the analysis

Estimated Average Daily Indoor PM 2.5 Exposure Concentration by Cohort in China

Estimated Average Daily Indoor PM 2.5 Exposure Concentration by Cohort in India

Indoor time use of each cohort in China Cooking time of the cohort of unemployed females aged 35 - 64 is the longest

Indoor time use of each cohort in India Cooking time of the cohort of unemployed females aged 35 - 64 is the longest

Summary Our study enabled detailed assessment of the impact of exposure to PM2.5, because differences in individual daily life activities were reflected in the use of time and linked to an assessment of exposure to indoor air-polluting substances. However, it will also be important to develop exposure models that take into account the great difference between urban and rural lifestyles in developing countries, as well as the great differences between countries in terms of housing conditions, dietary practices and religious and cultural lifestyles. For assessment of children’s indoor exposure, it will be necessary to collect more data on children’s time use, child care, education and their mother’s daily activities, which are linked to model parameters.

Thank you Yoko Shimada shimada@led.setsunan.ac.jp

ISCI 3rd International Conference 28th July 2011, University of York