AHSGE Vocabulary

1. AHSGE Vocabulary Fall 2009 Used with U.S. Hist II and Ach. History

2. 1. Crusades Series of wars during the Middle Ages called by Pope Urban II to Christians to conquer the Holy Lands from the Muslims. As a result, Europeans in the West discovered Asian foods, spices, and clothing and brought them back to Europe. 2. Renaissance Began in Italy, French for rebirth, a period in Europe from 1350 to 1600 during which a rebirth of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture occurred. Its ideas encouraged people to read literature like the Bible with a critical eye. It also emphasized learning. 3. Prince Henry the Navigator He established a school of navigation in Portugal that helped develop many of the technological advances in exploration. 4. Martin Luther He published an attack on the Catholic Church, accusing it of corruption. His attacks marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. 5. Protestant Reformation It was the 16th century movement to reform the Catholic Church. It would eventual result in the separation of Protestants from the Catholic Church.

3. 6. Christopher Columbus He was an Italian explorer representing Spain who set out in 1492 to find a new route to Asia. His voyage marked the beginning of European exploration in the Americas. 7. Columbian Exchange It is the exchange of plants, crops, animals, and diseases between Europeans and Native Americans leading to a mixture of the two cultures. 8. Conquistadores They were Spanish soldiers/explorers who conquered Native American empires. 9. Hernado Cortes He was a Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. 10. Francisco Pizzaro He conquered Incas in Peru with metal clad soldiers.

4. 11. Francisco Coronado He searched for the “Seven Cities of Gold” in the present day southwestern U.S. 12. Hernando de Soto He searched for gold in the present day southeastern U.S. 13. Juan Ponce de Leon He explored Florida and searched for the “Fountain of Youth”. 14. St. Augustine It was the first permanent city established by Europeans in the U.S. It was established by Spain to protect its American interests against France. 15. Roanoke First English ATTEMP at colonization. The colony mysteriously disappeared. All that was left in the settlement was the word “CROATAN” carved in a tree.

5. 16. Jamestown It was the first successful English colony in the present-day U.S. Merchants founded this colony and gave the people in the colony the right to have their own representative government. This colony and its government became an example for the founders of the U.S. government. 17. House of Burgesses Colonial governments made up of elected representatives. 18. Indentured Servants An individual who contracted to work for a colonist for a specified number of years in exchange for transportation to the colonies, food, clothing, and for shelter. 19. Triangular Trade Routes The three way trade routes between the Caribbean, New England, and Europe/Africa. The Middle Passage was the most dangerous leg of the Triangular Trade Route. Many Africans died during the voyage to the Americas due to overcrowding, hunger, and disease. 20. Plymouth The first Puritan colony established in North America. The Pilgrims governed this colony with the Mayflower Compact, promising equal justice for all and the popular democracy for all adult males at town meetings.

6. 21. Mayflower Compact It was the first self-government plan ever put into effect in the colonies. 22. Great Awakening It was the revival of evangelical Christianity in American colonies in the 1740s that helped lead to intercolonial unity. It made colonists question traditional authority and taught that all were equal before God. 23. French and Indian War It was the conflict between the French and British in North America, 1754-1763. Native Americans helped on both sides. The conflict in Europe was known as the Seven Years’ War. 24. The Boston Massacre On March 5, 1770, a crowd of colonists began throwing snowballs at a British soldier guarding a customs (tax) office. He called for help, and in the midst of the turmoil, British soldiers shot into the crowd. Five colonists were killed including Crispus Attucks, a man of African and Native American descent. 25. Sons of Liberty It was a group of colonial men who joined together to protest the Stamp Act and to protect colonial liberties.

7. 26. Boston Tea Party It occurred on December 16, 1773. Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans threw tea into the Boston Harbor to protest the tax on tea. 27. Sam Adams He led the Boston Tea Party and was a leading patriot (colonists who wanted independence from Great Britain). 28. Loyalists These were the colonists who supported the English King during the Revolutionary War. 29. Intolerable Acts These were laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the people of Boston for the Boston Tea Party. 30. Patrick Henry He delivered the passionate “Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death” speech in the Virginia House of Burgesses.

8. 31. Tomas Paine He published a lively and persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense that attacked King George III. He argued that monarchies had been set up by seizing power from the people and that the British Parliament did nothing without the king’s support. 32. Tomas Jefferson He wrote the Declaration of Independence. 33. Declaration of Independence It is the document that declared the colonies independence from Great Britain. 34. Unalienable Rights These are rights given at birth. 35. Monopoly It is the complete control of a certain market.

9. 36. Revere, Dawes, and Prescott They rode from Boston to Concord to warn the Patriots that the British were coming. 37. Battles of Lexington and Concord The first battles of the Revolutionary War 38. Battle of Bunker Hill Colonial forces were able to withstand two British advances. They finally had to retreat only because they ran out of ammunition. This battle improved American colonial confidence. Two weeks later, George Washington was asked take command the newly formed Continental Army. 39. Battle of Saratoga It was a battle in 1777 where the American colonists defeated the British. The news of the American victory convinced the French to help the Americans against the British. 40. George Washington He was the general who trained troops to fight in the Revolutionary War. He later served as the first President of the United States.

10. 41. Valley Forge It is the place where George Washington trained his troops to fight in the Revolutionary War during the winter of 1777-78. Here, Washington was able to instill discipline and lift morale during that winter. 42. Yorktown, Virginia The American and French victory here was the final blow to the British war effort. 43. Treaty of Paris 1783 It was the treaty between Great Britain and the United States that ended the Revolutionary War. 44. Articles of Confederation It was a plan for a loose union of the states under the authority of the congress. It was the first constitution ratified by the 13 colonies in March 1781. 45. Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights These were documents in English history that gave certain rights to Englishmen, known as “natural rights.” American founders would use these documents to help establish our system of government.

11. 46. Montesquieu He believed government should have legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. 47. John Locke He was an English philosopher who believed that government should get its power from the people it governed. 48. Rousseau He was a French philosopher who believed that the right to rule should be from the people, not a king. 49. Federalism It is a political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments. 50. Constitutionalism It is a system of government in which power is divided among various groups but all obey a system of laws called a constitution.

12. 51. The Great Compromise or the Connecticut Compromise Written by Roger Sherman of Connecticut it stated that one house of congress-The House of Representatives-be based on population, while in the other house-The Senate-each state would have equal representation. 52. Federalists Papers They were written by Federalists, those who supported the Constitution and believed in a strong national government. They were newspaper articles that explained how the new Constitution worked and why it was needed. 53. Ratify This word means to approve by vote of the people or by their representatives 54. Amendment This word means a change to the Constitution. 55. Bill of Rights They are the first ten amendments to the Constitution. They protect basic liberties and rights of American citizens.

13. 56. Elastic Clause It gives Congress the power to pass legislation that is “necessary and proper” for doing its job. 57. Impressment It is the act of seizing men from a ship or village and forcing them to serve in the navy. It was a major reason in the U.S. going to war with Great Britain in the War of 1812. 58. War of 1812 It was the war from 1812 to 1815 between the United States and Great Britain with Native Americans helping on both sides. Nationalism would surge as a result of the war. 59. Nationalism Pride in and devotion to one’s country. 60. Battle of Horseshoe Bend The battle in which Andrew Jackson, with the help of the Cherokee, defeated the Creeks, allies of Tecumseh. Creeks were forced to give up much of their land in present day Alabama and Georgia.

14. 61. Tecumseh He was Shawnee leader who organized Native American tribes to fight with the British against the United States. 62. Battle of Fort McHenry In the War of 1812, the British attacked here but were defeated. It was here that Francis Scott Key wrote, “The Star Spangled Banner.” 63. Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson led the U.S. to victory in the War of 1812. This made him a national hero and would later help elect him president. 64. Treaty of Ghent This ended the War of 1812. Although it restored prewar boundaries, it did not mention neutral rights or impressments. After the War of 1812, American nationalism soared. 65. Democratic-Republican One of the first political parties in the U.S.; opposed the Federalists who wanted a strong national government.

15. 66. Marburyvs Madison It was a case that established the Supreme Court’s right to Judicial Review. 67. Judicial Review It is the power of the Supreme Court to determine whether laws of Congress are constitutional and to strike down those that are not. 68. Gibbons vs Ogden It was the Supreme Court case granting Congress alone the power to regulate interstate commerce. 69. John Marshall He was a Federalist who was appointed by John Adams to be the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 70. Indian Removal Act It was an act that required all Native Americans to move to land west of the Mississippi River.

16. 71. Trail of Tears The journey in which Native Americans took when they were forced out of their homes and sent to what is now Oklahoma to live on reservations. Reservations are tiny parcels of land where Native Americans were forced to live. 72. Lewis and Clark They set out from St. Louis to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. They were exploring the Louisiana Purchase. Sacagawea was the interpreter for Louis and Clark 73. Manifest Destiny It was an idea popular in the U.S. during the 1800s that stated it was God’s will that the U.S. expand its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean. 74. Utopia It is an ideal society where all would live in peace and harmony. 75. Alabama It was admitted to the Union as a state in 1819

17. 76. Robert Fulton He developed the first effective steamboat in 1807 which made river travel more reliable and upstream travel easier. 77. Eli Whitney He invented the cotton gin and introduced the idea of interchangeable parts. 78. James Monroe He was the fourth President. During his administration people cooperated with each other building roads, canals, and railroads. This time was known as the “Era of Good Feelings.” 79. Monroe Doctrine It was a promise by President Monroe to prevent any European nation from recolonizing North or South America. 80. Andrew Jackson He was the first man born into poverty that became president. He developed the Spoils System.

18. 81. Spoils System It is the policy of removing political opponents from government and replacing them with political friends. 82. Doctrine of Nullification It was promoted by John Calhoun from South Carolina. This states that if Congress passes a bill that is harmful to a particular state, that state is not obliged to enforce it. 83. Noah Webster He created the first American Dictionary of the English Language 84. Ralph Waldo Emerson He was an essayist and poet. He helped lead the transcendental movement. Transcendentals believed in individualism and self-reliance and had a reverence for nature. They believe truth could be found beyond the physical world and that all humans share in the spiritual unity of creation. 85. Henry David Thoreau He was a writer, philosopher, and naturalist who lived apart from society and observed nature. He wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience.

19. 86. Walt Whitman He was a poet who emphasized the worth of each individual. His break from traditional poetic styles of his day had major influence on American literature. 87. Nathaniel Hawthorne He was a novelist who wrote about sin, punishment, and atonement. He wrote the Scarlet Letter and The House of Seven Gables. 88. Washington Irving He was the first American writer to gain international fame. He wrote short stores “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.” 89. Edgar Allen Poe He was a master of the short story. His is most famous for his mysterious and macabre tales such as “The Tell-Tale Heart” and the poem, “The Raven.” 90. James Fennimore Cooper He was a novelist who became known as the first great American writer. He idealized American life in novels such as “Last of the Mohicans.”

20. 91. Emily Dickinson She wrote poems about love, death, and immortality. 92. Herman Melville He wrote Moby Dick 93. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow He was very popular in the early 1800s. He wrote in simple styles and themes. He wrote Paul Revere’s Ride. 94. Abolitionist Movement They worked to abolish/end slavery. 95. Fredrick Douglas After escaping slavery, he educated himself and became the most prominent African American speaker for the Abolitionist Movement. He worked with John Brown but would not support the raid on Harper’s Ferry.

21. 96. Harriet Tubman She escaped slavery by running away to the North. She returned to the South to lead other slaves to freedom using the Underground Railroad. 97. Underground Railroad It was a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North. 98. Sojourner Truth She was born into slavery but freed when New York slaves were emancipated. She became a well-known abolitionist speaker. She called for the equality of all people of color. She also spoke for women’s rights. 99. William Lloyd Garrison He initially supported gradual emancipation but later supported complete and immediate emancipation. He founded the influential anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator; He also helped establish the national American Anti-Slavery Society. 100. Harriet Beecher Stowe She wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a fictional account of the horrible experiences of a slave family. It motivated many people to support the movement to abolish slavery.

22. 101. Suffragettes These were women who worked for women’s right to vote. 102. Elizabeth Cady Stanton She fought for the women’s right to vote and organized the first women’s rights convention known as The Seneca Falls Convention. 103. Susan B. Anthony She supported the temperance movement to ban alcohol, the abolition of slavery, and the women’s rights movement. She was best known for working for women’s right to vote. She worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Their efforts helped change the constitution with the 19th Amendment. 104. Temperance Movement It advocated total abstinence from alcohol. 105. Missouri Compromise (1820) It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state to continue the balance between slave and free states. The compromise also set 36 30’ N as the boundary between slave and free states.

23. 106. Compromise of 1850 California was admitted as a free state and the territories of Utah and New Mexico were open to slavery by popular sovereignty. 107. Popular Sovereignty It allowed the people in each territory to vote whether to permit slavery or not. 108. Civil Rights Amendments The 13th Amendment which freed slaves; the 14th Amendment which made them citizens; the 15th Amendment which gave them voting rights. 109. Fugitive Slave Laws It was part of the Compromise of 1850. It required that escaped slaves be returned to their owners. 110. John Brown He was an anti-slavery agitator who seized an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859 hoping to lead a salve revolt. He was hanged in 1859 for his actions.

24. 111. Kansas-Nebraska Act This permitted the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether or not to permit slavery, and in effect, it repealed the Missouri Compromise. 112. Dred Scott Decision The Supreme Court ruled that a slave could not sue in federal court because he was not a citizen of the United States. 113. President Buchanan He was President before Lincoln; by inaction, he tried to stop the Civil War from happening. 114. Secede It is the process of withdrawing or leaving a union. 115. West Virginia They opposed Virginia’s secession and became a state in 1863.

25. 116. Confederate States of America It was made up of the following states: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. 117. Montgomery, Alabama It is the place where the Constitution of the Confederate States of America was drafted. It was also the first capital of the Confederacy. 118. Jefferson Davis He was President of the Confederate States of America. 119. Winston County, Alabama It voted to remain neutral during the Civil War 120. Anaconda Plan The Union plan to squeeze the South by applying a naval blockade around the southern coast and seizing the Mississippi River while invading from the North.

26. 121. Fort Sumter The first shots of the Civil War were fired here. 122. Radical Republicans These are Republicans who called for strict readmission standards for southern states after the Civil War. They felt that the South should have to “atone for their sins.” 123. Emancipation Proclamation The Document issued by Lincoln that freed all slaves in the Confederate States. 124. Gettysburg Address It was Lincoln’s speech at Gettysburg affirming his belief in democracy and desire to see an end to the Civil War. 125. John Wilkes Booth He was a Confederate sympathizer who assassinated President Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre.

27. 126. Sherman’s March It is where the Union General Sherman burned a 60 mile wide path from Chattanooga through Atlanta to Savannah, GA, then north to Raleigh, NC during the Civil War. 127. Robert E. Lee He was leader of the Confederate forces during the Civil War. 128. Ulysses S. Grant He was the leader of the Union forces during the Civil War. He accepted the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox Courthouse. He was later elected president. 129. Drafted It is where people are forced to serve in the military. It was first used in the United States during the Civil War. 130. Habeas Corpus It is a legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a person has been lawfully imprisoned. (It is the guarantee of no imprisonment without appearing in court.)

28. 131. Black Codes A series of laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freemen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. 132. Jim Crow Laws Statutes or laws created in the South after the Civil War and the Plessy v. Ferguson decision to enforce segregation. 133. Segregation It is the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group. 134. Plessy v. Ferguson It is the Supreme Court decision that legalized segregation. It would not be undone until Brown vs the Board of Education 135. Sharecroppers They were farmers who worked land for a land owner. The land owner provided equipment and seed and received a share of the crop.

29. 136 . Reconstruction Act This outlined the reorganization and rebuilding of the former Confederate states after the Civil War. 137. Freeman’s Bureau Congress created this organization in 1865 to meet the immediate needs of t hose displaced by the Civil War. It also helped blacks to learn reading, writing, and arithmetic. 138. African Methodist Episcopal Church It was a large all-black church. It was a haven for blacks seeking to escape discrimination. 139. Scalawags This was the name given to Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South. 140. Carpetbaggers This was the name given to Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans.

30. 141. Homestead Act This gave 160 acres of land to people willing to farm the land for five years, thus, accelerating the settlement of the West. 142. Morrill Land Grant Act Congress gave each state land according to how many congressmen it had for the purpose of funding at least one public university. 143. Dawes Act This law abolished Native American tribes and gave each family 160 acres to farm. 144. Compromise of 1877 This was a deal between Democrats and Republicans to settle an election dispute between Hayes and Tilden over the close race for President. The Democrats accepted the Republican president, and he ended Reconstruction. 145. Rutherford B. Hayes He was made President after much dispute over his election. He had fewer votes than opponent but one more electoral vote.

31. 146. Andrew Carnegie He was the owner of a steel monopoly; he believed wealthy people needed to make society better. 147. Gospel of Wealth It was Andrew Carnegie’s idea that people with wealth had a responsibility to use it to help the poor. This philosophy held that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of engaging in philanthropy-using their great fortunes to further social progress. It was a reaction to Social Darwinism. 148. Progressive Movement A movement that crossed party lines which believed that industrialism and urbanization had created many social problems and that government should take a more active role in dealing with these problems. It championed the causes of the oppressed in society. 149. Muckrakers These were individuals who wrote stories concerning the abuses of big business on workers and consumers. 150. The Jungle It was Upton Sinclair’s book exposing the bad working conditions and dangerous food quality in the meat processing industry.

32. 151. John D. Rockefeller He was the owner of the Standard Oil Company. 152. Social Darwinism It was a belief that only the strongest businesses, people, and nations deserve to survive. Rockefeller embraced this theory maintaining that his business was “merely the working out of the law of nature and the law of God. 153. History of the Standard Oil Company It was a book written by Ida Tarbell exposing the abuses of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company. 154. Robber Barons These were business owners who acquired monopolies through exploitation and ruthlessness. 155. Strike It is where workers refuse to work until a set of conditions are met.

33. 156. Horatio Alger He was a writer of children’s books which idealized gaining wealth through hard work. 157. Theodore Roosevelt He was the leader of U.S. volunteer troops in Cuba during the Spanish-American War; He would later serve as president and initiate progressive reforms in the fields of nature conservation and business. 158. Rough Riders This was Theodore Roosevelt’s volunteer force that fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. 159. Yellow Journalism It is a type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers. 160. William Gorgas He is the U.S. Colonel who eradicated malaria and yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone.

34. 161. NAACP It is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It was devoted to ending segregation, discrimination, and ensuring equal economic and political opportunities for blacks. 162. Black Exodus The flight of blacks from racial persecutions in the South to cities of the North and West 163. Booker T. Washington He was the founder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. He accepted segregation but pushed for equal economic opportunities for blacks. 164. Tuskegee Institute This was a school for blacks that provided training in the industrial and agricultural fields. 165. George Washington Carver He was a student of Booker T. Washington who gained fame for his research with peanuts, soybeans, and cotton.

35. 166. W.E.B. Dubois He was a Black intellectual who opposed Booker T. Washington’s acceptance of segregation; founder of the NAACP and editor of its magazine, The Crisis. 167. Transatlantic Cable It was a telegraph cable laid in 1866 that relayed messages to and from the U.S. and Europe. 168. Chinese Exclusion Act It was passed in 1882. It prohibited the Chinese from legally immigrating to the U.S. 169. Woodrow Wilson He was elected president and designed a reform program that ensured competition in the marketplace while keeping business out of the government’s control. 170. Federal Trade Commission It was a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate companies for unfair business practices.

36. 171. Horace Mann He was a reformer and champion of coeducational, nonsectarian public education. 172. 1901 Constitution This was passed through voter fraud, added land ownership or a literacy test as a requirement for voting, virtually destroying the right to vote for blacks. 173. The Grange It was a farming cooperative in which farmers pool their resources in the purchasing and selling of farm machinery and products. 174. Populist Movement This was a movement designed to address the concerns of farmers and other political reformers such as coinage of silver and the government ownership of railroads. 175. The Railroad It provided an easy way for farmers in the West to ship their surplus food supplies to populated regions in the East. This invention encouraged many people to seelte and farm vast areas of land in the West.

37. 176. The Steele Plow It made farming in the Midwest and the Plain states possible because it could cut through the tough prairie soil. 177. Barbed Wire It provided a new inexpensive way to fence in property. It was used extensively in the West. 178. The Windmill Farmers in the Plains states did not receive much rainfall. Once farmers had dug their wells, they installed this to pump the water to the surface for irrigation and personal use. 179. The Bessemer Process It was a faster and more efficient way of making steel. 180. The Sioux Wars This is where settlers hungry for gold claimed the sacred lands of the Sioux nation in the Dakotas. The U.S. army fought the Sioux until they were forced to give up their land.

38. 181. Wounded Knee The U.S. Army massacred a group of mostly unarmed Sioux men, women, and children at Wounded Knee Creek. U.S. soldiers killed between 150-370 Sioux who were fleeing for safety. 182. Ku Klux Klan It was an all white organization which verbally and physically attacked minorities such as blacks, Catholics, and Jews. 183. Imperialism It is the actions used by one nation to exercise political and economic control over a smaller or weaker nation. Many Americans felt that the U.S. should seek to control other smaller countries prior to WWI in order to become a “World Power.” 184. Open Door Policy It was an agreement between the U.S. and European nations to keep China open to free trade. 185. Lusitania It was a passenger ship that was carrying military supplies from the United States to the allies in World War I. It was destroyed by a German torpedo and thus increased anti-German sentiment in the U.S.

39. 186. Trench Warfare It is where soldiers dig trenches and fight from here. It was used extensively in WWI. 187. U-Boats These were German submarines that sank French and British merchants ships in the Atlantic. 188. Triple Alliance It was an agreement of mutual protection between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 189. War Reparations It was Germany’s payment to the Allies for its part in World War I. 190. League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles established this organization in order to promote understanding and discourage aggressions between nations. It lost influence when the U.S. failed to join.

40. 191. Nativists These are people who were scared of foreigners entering the U.S. 192. Red Scare It was a time of mass hysteria in the nation in which the government arrested thousands of radicals, some of them foreign born, increasing suspicion of foreigners in the nation. 193. Isolationism It is a national policy of avoiding political or economic alliances with other countries. 194. Harlem Renaissance It was a movement among black intellectuals and artists during the 1920s which expressed the feelings of the black community. 195. Roaring Twenties It was an era of prosperity after World War I in the U.S. It was characterized by flappers, parties, and relaxing of social constraints (?)

41. 196. Al Capone He was a famous mobster who smuggled alcohol during Prohibition. 197. The Great Depression It was along period of high unemployment and increased poverty in the 1930s in the U.S. 198. Dust Bowl It is the blowing away of huge amounts of soil in the Plains states causing farm families to lose their crops, homes, and lands. 199. Herbert Hoover He was the U.S. President blamed for starting the Great Depression 200. Hoovervilles These were clusters of tents and shacks built outside cities by people looking for work.

42. 201. Franklin D. Roosevelt He was president who led the U.S. through the Great Depression and World War II. His policy known as The New Deal helped stimulate the economy and increase the nation’s resources. 202. Works Progress Administration It was part of FDR’s New Deal; it provided jobs for unskilled workers during the Great Depression. 203. Fireside Chats These were FDR’s weekly radio addresses to the people of the U.S. 204. Benito Mussolini He was a fascist dictator who transformed Italy into a military state. 205. Fascism It is a political movement started in Italy which called for eliminating all political opposition, preserving a capitalist economy, and increasing the military power of a nation.

43. 206. National Socialists (Nazis) It was a political party in Germany led by Adolph Hitler 207. Adolph Hitler He was the dictator of Germany and leader of the Nazi Party who initiated a systematic conquest of Europe leading to WWII. 208. Gestapo It was Hitler’s secret police who helped suppress his dissenters. 209. Joseph Stalin He was the leader of the Soviet Union during WWII. 210. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis It was a military agreement of mutual assistance between the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

44. 211. Munich conference It was a meeting in 1938 of European nations; they agreed to Hitler’s demands for the Sudetenland, a German-speaking section of Czechoslovakia. 212. Blitzkrieg It means “lightening war” or a swift sudden offensive used by Germany in WWII. 213. Pearl Harbor It was a U.S. naval base in Hawaii which suffered a surprise attack by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. 214. War Bonds These are certificates issued to a person who lends money to the government to pay for war. The certificates earn interest and are redeemed for cash on a given date. 215. Japanese Internment Under authority of Executive Order 9006, the U.S. military forced 110,000 Japanese Americans to live in barracks on federal lands until the end of WWII.

45. 216. Battle of Stalingrad In January 1943, Soviet troops repelled a German attack, causing them to retreat from Russia. 217. Dwight D. Eisenhower He was the U.S. general who led the Allied forces in Europe during WWII. 218. Operation Torch It was the military code name for the Allied invasion of North Africa 219. Operation Overlord It was the military code name for the Allied invasion of Normandy 220. Winston Churchill He was the Prime Minister of Britain during WWII.

46. 221. Normandy It is the northern coast of France. The Allies attacked here to recapture France from Germany on June 6, 1944 also known as D-Day. 222. Red Army It was the common name for the army of the USSR. 223. Douglas MacAurthor He was the U.S. general who lead the Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII. 224. Manhattan Project It was the code name for the construction of an atomic bomb in the U.S. 225. Enola Gay It was the B-20 airplane which dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima.

47. 226. Hiroshima and Nagasaki They were the two Japanese cities destroyed by Allied atomic boms. 227. Midway It was the turning point in the war between the U.S. and Japan. 228. The Holocaust It was Hitler’s systematic killing of all Jews in German occupied Europe. 229. Tennessee Valley Authority It was a government organization designed to provide jobs and electricity to the lower Appalachian Mountains.