Unit 6: Modern America

1. Unit 6: Modern America An American Empire

2. Chapter Objectives • Explain why the United States pursued a policy of imperialism. • Account for the outbreak of the Spanish-American War. • Trace the course of United States relations with Latin America during the late nineteenth century and its impact on later relations with Latin America. • Contrast the arguments for and against imperialism in 1899.

3. Chapter Objectives Continued • Discuss the development of America’s policy to deal with its imperial possessions. • Account for the acquisition of the Panama Canal. • Assess the foreign policies of Theodore Roosevelt.

4. Imperialism Defined • The creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire based on domination and subordination • political, economic, military and cultural influence of a nation • The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.

5. New Imperialism Nationalism To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade. Imperialism Economic Competition Europeans exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized. Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies. Missionary Spirit Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.

6. American Imperialism • Second Industrial Revolution • Aware of world markets and wanted to expand • Transportation and Communication Developments • Agriculture exports then Manufactures Exports • Extra-continental territories • Territorial expansion w/ Market expansion • Interventionist • Maintain stability and order in foreign countries to further American corporations • Imperialism is necessary to preserve the existing social order in the more developed countries. • It is necessary to secure trade, markets, to maintain employment and capital exports, and to channel the energies and social conflicts of the metropolitan populations into foreign countries.

7. Imperialist Theories • Very strong ideological and racial assumption of Western superiority • Anglo-Saxon superiority • Destiny to dominate because of the superior character of Anglo-Saxon Institution • Christian mission • Josiah Strong • civil liberty and pure spiritual Christianity • Brothers Keeper

8. White Man’s Burden • Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child. • Poem by Rudyard Kipling • Philippine-American War • Encouraged Americans to take up the burden of empire

9. The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 • Advocate of sea power and Western imperialism • National greatness and prosperity flowed form maritime power • Strong merchant marine, foreign commerce, colonies and naval bases • Ideas widely circulated • Expansion of the navy • Alfred Thayer Mahan

10. Expansion in the Pacific • Seward and the purchase of Alaska • Wanted to remove all foreign interest from northern Pacific coast • 1867 U.S purchased Russia for $7.2 million • Removed Russia from the New World • Seward’s Folly

11. Samoa • Involvement in Samoa • Treaty of 1878 • Naval base at Pago Pago • Extraterritoriality • Trade Concessions • Civil War • Tripartite Protectorate 1889( Germany, GB, U.S)

12. Hawaii • American Missionary and Planter population • Cheap immigrant labor (Chinese, Japanese and Portuguese) • Reciprocal trade agreement • Hawaiian sugar enter the US duty-free • None of Hawaiian territorial would be lease or grated to a third power • Constitutional government forced on king • Economic crisis • McKinley Tariff • Revolution and U.S. intervention • Queen Lili’uokalani • Planters revolted seized power with Marine intervention • Annexation by the United States, 1898

13. Development of the Spanish-American War • “Cuba Libre” • Agitating for independence from Spain • Always quelled • Slavery abolished in 1886 • Effects of American investments and tariffs • America trade more with Cuba more than Spain • Had invested in mining and sugar • Wilson-Gorman Tariff • Depression and unemployment fueled rebellion • Guerrilla warfare by revolutionaries • Attacks on trains, railways and plantations • Excite and concern American investors • Weyler'sreconcentration policy • Detention centers • Disease and death • “Butcher Weyler”

14. Spanish Misrule

16. Press and Spanish-American War • Role of the press in the war • Contest between Hearst's Journal and Pulitzer's World • Sensationalism or yellow journalism • Little research • Little facts

17. Moving Toward War • Cleveland's efforts for compromise • Mediation to protect American interest • Public sympathy • Congress endorse full recognition of Cuban rebels and urged for American intervention • Cleveland mediation and limited self government • McKinley • Cuban independence and American expansion • Spain • Offered in 1897 Cuban autonomy in return for peace • Refused by Cubans • 1898 U.S.S. Maine docked in Havana Harbor

18. Arousal of Public Opinion • de Lôme letter • New York Journal • Spanish Ambassador lambast McKinley • Resigns • Sinking of the Maine • 260 men dead • Reportedly set by external mine • Spain blamed

19. Final Moves to War • McKinley sought to avoid war • $50 million for defense • Spain announced unilateral cease-fire • Cuba autonomous government • Message too late • McKinley asks Congress for power to use armed forces to protect US interest in Cuba • Congress declared Cuba independent and withdrawal of Spanish forces • Teller Amendment • Blockade of Cuba's northern coast and port of Santiago • Spanish government declared War • Congress declared War retroactively

20. Arousal of Public Opinion • Sinking of the Maine • 260 men dead • Reportedly set by external mine • Spain blamed

21. ??? • Why war? • Why now? • Whose to blame

22. Fighting the "splendid little war" • War lasted 114 days • Saw the end of Spain’s empire in the New World • Saw the rise of the US as a world power • Naval victory at Manila Bay • Commodore George Dewey • Defeated Spanish forces at Manila Bay • Spanish lost 381 to 8 US lost • Emilio Aguinaldo • Entered Manila

23. Cuban Campaign • Rough Riders • Theodore Roosevelt • Composed of a motley crew of men • Kettle Hill • Siege of Santiago • July 1-17 • 474 Spanish killed • One American killed • Puerto Rico • Armistice • Annexation of Puerto Rico • Give up Cuba • Occupy Philippines • Death toll • Spain 60,000 • America 6,000 • 379 from fighting

24. Treaty of Paris: 1898 • Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. • Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam. • The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines. • The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

25. Cuban Independence Platt Amendment (1903) • Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. • The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. • Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. • Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

26. Debate Over Treaty • Anti-imperialist arguments • Undermine democracy • Isolationism • Inconsistency of annexation and liberation • Incorporation natives • Bryan's support • Open the way for the future independence of Cuba and the Philippines • Ratification • Narrow margin • One vote more than two/thirds

27. Phillippines and Other Acquisitions • Guerrilla war in Philippines • Opposition to American colonial rule • Emilio Aguinaldo • Anti-Imperialist League, 1899 • Older generation • Annexation against republican ideas of “consent” • Philippines under Taft • Civil Governor of Philippines • Encourage Filipinos to participate in governmental procedures • Civil government in Puerto Rico • Citizenship

28. Situation in Cuba • U.S. soldiers and Cubans • Yellow fever • Hemorrhagic fever vectored by mosquitoes • Liver damage and jaundice • Cuban constitution • Platt Amendment • Never impair its independence by signing a treaty with a third power • Keep its debt within the government’s power to repay • Acknowledge the right of US to intervene in Cuba for the preservation of Cuban independence • Lease of lands to America for naval bases • Guantanamo Bay • Insurrection of 1906 • Protest of the new Cuban government

29. Imperial rivalries in the Far East • Japan's modernization • 1854 Commodore Perry • 1860s naval and army • In response to Western imperialism • Scramble for spheres of influence in China • First Sino-Japanese War and defeated of China • Sought Chinese territory where they had economic and political influence

30. The Open-Door Policy • Keep Chinas territorial integrity • Equal trade in China for all countries • Refrain from interfering with in treaty port • Permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis • Show now favoritism to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges • Little legal standing and US not prepared to enforce these views • In the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion most nations increased support of the policy

31. The Boxer Rebellion, 1900 • “Fist of Righteous Harmony” • nativist group fought foreign encroachment into China • launched a series of attacks against foreigners, Chinese Christians and complicit government officials • Mid 1900 lay siege against foreign embassies in Peking (Beijing) for two months • Repealed by international expedition • China forced to pay a $300 million indemnity • Forced to house foreign soldiers in China

32. Theodore Roosevelt and Diplomacy • 1858, son of wealth New York merchant • Sickly as a child • Harvard graduate • Cowboy life • Vice-President under McKinley • Assignation of McKinley • Pan-American Exposition • Anarchist Leon Czolgoz • TR became president at 43 • Big Stick

33. The Panama Canal • Need for the canal • Commerce and naval power • End of long voyages • Negotiations with the British and French • British wanted to forbid fortification and neutrality • French wanted $109 million for its holdings • Difficulties with Colombia • Panamanian revolution • Canal opened 15 August 1914

34. Roosevelt Diplomacy • Roosevelt Corollary • Military intervention by US in the Western Hemisphere • Russo-Japanese War • Cause of war • TR's efforts for peace • Fears of the "yellow peril" • Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 • Other diplomatic efforts Algeciras Conference (1906) • The "Great White Fleet"