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Understanding Biological Classification: Grouping for Better Understanding

Explore the methods of classifying living things, from Aristotle's early classification to Linnaeus's modern system. Discover how scientists classify organisms based on relationships, body chemistry, and more. Learn about scientific names, evidence used in classification, and the changing landscape of kingdom classification. Dive into the six kingdoms, including Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals. See how classification evolves as we gain more knowledge about organisms.

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Understanding Biological Classification: Grouping for Better Understanding

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  1. BiologyChapter 3Classification 3.1 Why Things are Grouped

  2. Why Things are Grouped • Classify: group things together based on similarities

  3. Classifying in Everyday Life • What things do we classify?

  4. How Grouping Helps Us • Easier to find • Share traits (feature that a thing has) • Faster

  5. BiologyChapter 3Classification 3.2 Methods of Classification

  6. Early Classification • Aristotle (Greek, lived about 2000 years ago) • First to classify living things • All living thing into two groups

  7. Plants • herbs- small, soft stems • shrubs- medium size, many trunks • trees- tall, one trunk

  8. Animals • live in water • live on land • live in air

  9. Problems with this plan • some living things fit into more than one group • some living things change groups as they grow and develop • Used until 1700’s

  10. The Beginnings of Modern Classification • Carolus Linnaeus (Swedish, 1735) • Classified plants and animals into more groups • Based system on specific traits • Gave name to organisms that described their trait- 2 part name

  11. Seven Classification Groups kingdom- king phylum- Phillip class- came order- over family- from genus- Germany species- swimming

  12. Two word names are genus and species People are Homo sapiens

  13. BiologyChapter 3Classification 3.3 How Scientists Classify Things

  14. Classify Based on How Organisms Are Related • The more closely related organisms are the more groups they share • Compare cat, lion, deer, and octopus Tables 3-2 through 3-5 p. 56-57

  15. Classification Chart House Cat Dog Kingdom: Animalia Animalia Phylum: Chordata Chordata Class: Mammalia Mammalia Order: Carnivora Carnivora Family: Felidae Canidae Genus: Felis Canis Species: Felis catus Canis familiaris

  16. Other Evidence Used in Classifying • Evolutionary history • The ancestors that organisms share • Similar body structures

  17. Other Evidence Used in Classifying Body Chemistry • How similar are proteins (blood) • How similar is DNA (DNA fingerprinting)

  18. Scientific Names Came From Classification Scientific names- Genus species • Designed by Linnaeus • Genus- always capitalized • species- always lower case • In Latin so italics or underline

  19. Scientific Names Came From Classification • Sometimes scientific names sound like common names • Gorilla gorilla • Giraffa camelopadalis

  20. Why Scientific Names Are Used • No mistakes • Common names occur for more than one type of organism, hawks Fig. 3-9 p. 60 • Scientific names seldom change • Scientific names are written in the same language (Latin)

  21. Classification of Kingdoms • Two kingdoms- Aristotle and Linnaeus had plants and animals • Then 3 kingdoms- plants, animals, and protists • Then 5 kingdoms, plants, animals, protists, fungi, and monerans (bacteria) • Now 6 kingdoms (started in 2000, not in your textbook)

  22. Archaebacteria (formerly Moneran) • Live in extreme environments- hot, salt • No nucleus or other cell parts • One celled • Unique cell wall and membrane • Unique cell processes

  23. Eubacteria (formerly Moneran) • No nucleus or other cell parts • One celled • More common bacteria • Live in many places

  24. Protists • Mostly one celled, some are many celled • Nucleus and other cell parts • Some like plants (algae: producers) • Some like animals (protozoans: consumers) • Some like fungi (decomposers)

  25. Fungi • Have nucleus and other cell parts • Multicellular except yeast • Have cell walls • Decomposers (absorb food)

  26. Plants • Nucleus and other cell parts • Multicellular • Have chlorophyll for photosynthesis • Have cell wall (don’t move)

  27. Animals • Nucleus and other cell parts • Multicellular • Eat- consumers • Move from place to place

  28. Classification Changes • Classification changes as we learn more about organisms and their relationship to each other.

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