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What Made it Possible?

What Made it Possible?. Pacific Railway Act Passed July 1, 1862 Created Union Pacific to build road from the East and meet the Central Pacific Provided companies 5 alternating plots of land on each side of the road for each mile along the route

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What Made it Possible?

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  1. What Made it Possible? • Pacific Railway Act • Passed July 1, 1862 • Created Union Pacific to build road from the East and meet the Central Pacific • Provided companies 5 alternating plots of land on each side of the road for each mile along the route • Allowed $16,000 for each mile of flat land, $32,000 for hills, and $48,000 for mountain terrain • Revised in 1864 to allow companies more land and privileges

  2. The Game Plan • Central Pacific Railroad • Begin in Sacramento, CA • Broke ground January 1863 • Union Pacific Railroad • Begin in Omaha, NE • Broke ground in late 1863 but no tracks laid until 1865 • Route along the 42nd Parallel • Meeting place: Promontory Summit, UT

  3. Significance of the Railroad Biggest and best engineering project of its time Made the country smaller Helped spur interest in Homestead Act Improved communication The beginning of the end for Native Americans Led to other transcontinental railroads and shorter branches

  4. Morrill Land-Grant Act • 1862 • Gave millions of acres of land to the states. • Land speculators Money was to be used to create colleges and universities. Justin S. Morrill (1810-1898)

  5. Homestead Act • Passed by Lincoln in 1862 • 160 acres • 21 years old or head of house • House at least 12 x 14 ft • 6 months • Farm 5 years Soddie – home made from sod

  6. Discussion question: What did the Morrill Land-Grant Act have in common with the Homestead Act?

  7. Immigrants Freedmen Exodusters Benjamin “Pap” Singleton Who were the homesteaders?

  8. Settlers who ran in land races to claim land Settlers who illegally claimed land by sneaking past the government officials Boomers Sooners

  9. In the mid 1880’s, following a series of droughts, people starting returning east again. • 18,000 in 1891 alone

  10. Women’s Suffrage • Wyoming 1869 • Would not accept statehood unless Union allowed women to vote 1893 – Colorado 1896 – Idaho Why would these states have granted women the right to vote before it was nationally recognized by the 19th Amendment?

  11. Dawes Act • Divided reservation land into individual plots • Each Native American family received a 160 acre plot • Granted U.S. citizenship and subject to local laws “You ask me to cut grass and make hay and sell it, and be rich like white men! But how dare I cut off my mother’s hair?” - Smohalla

  12. Discussion question! What was the difference between the Native Americans and settlers in their views about land ownership?

  13. Indian Removal • Pressure increased on Native American territory • Indian Removal Act of 1830 • Forced relocation to Oklahoma Territory • Trail of Tears A map showing the major tribes and the routes by which the government relocated them

  14. Buffalo • 25 million in 1840 • By 1889, around 1,100. Factors: Easy to hunt Buffalo fur was popular in the East. Buffalo hide was tough, and the leather was used in machinery. Hopes it would force the Native Americans into farming

  15. Native Americans BIA – Bureau of Indian Affairs managed delivery of critical supplies to the reservations Disagreements and frustrations resulted in anger, some groups sought revenge.

  16. Army life • $13/mo • Leftover Civil War uniforms • Rotten food • 1/3 deserted

  17. Sand Creek Massacre • 1864 • Colorado Territory • Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans • Colonel John Chivington took 700 men to the camped Cheyenne and Arapaho • Chief Black Kettle tried to raise a white flag of surrender, but the army slaughtered between 150-500 people. The camp largely held women and children.

  18. From Lt. Joseph Cramer to Maj. Edward Wynkoop, Dec. 19, 1864: "This is the first opportunity I have had of writing you since the great Indian Massacre, and for a start, I will acknowledge I am ashamed to own I was in it...It is no use for me to tell you how the fight was managed, only I think the Officer in command should be hung...After the fight there was a sight I hope I may never see again...Bucks, woman and children, were scalped, fingers cut off to get the rings on them...little children shot, while begging for their lives...I told the Col. I thought it was murder to jump them friendly Indians. He says in reply; Damn any man or men who are in sympathy with them."

  19. Battle of Little Bighorn • 1876 • Also known as “Custer’s Last Stand” • Sioux from Dakota, Wyoming and Montana Territories Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse 2,000 Native American warriors to Custer’s little more than 200 soldiers in an hour.

  20. “I am the last Indian.” Chief Sitting Bull Chief Crazy Horse

  21. Lt Colonel George Armstrong Custer 1839-1876

  22. Ghost Dance Purification ceremony in which people joined hands and whirled in a circle

  23. Sioux Indians hunting buffalo 1835 Art by George Catlin Sioux war council

  24. Massacre of Wounded Knee • 1890 - Sioux • Ghost Dance • Chief Sitting Bull • When he hesitated being arrested, he was shot by the army officers. His followers, 120 men and 230 women & children surrendered and were rounded up. As they were being disarmed, someone fired a shot. More than 200 Sioux were killed.

  25. Soldiers pose with three of the four Hotchkiss Guns used against the Lakota at Wounded Knee. The caption on the photograph reads:Famous Battery "K" of the 1st ArtilleryThese brave men and the Hotchkiss guns thatBig Foot's Indians thought were toys,Together with the fighting 7th what'sLeft of Gen. Custer's boys,Sent 200 Indians to thatHeaven which the ghost dancer enjoys.This checked the Indian noise,And Gen. Miles with staffReturned to Illinois.Photo by Grabill, Deadwood, South Dakota.

  26. Assimilation • Process by which the people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture.

  27. Cowboys and the Gold rush

  28. GOLD! • Not just in California • Colorado, Nevada • Placer mining • Shallow, anybody could do it Huge corporations moved in after to get the larger, underground ore deposits

  29. Barricks Ruby Hill Mine outside Eureka, NV

  30. Major mining strikes

  31. Discussion • What creates the mining boom that started with the California Gold Rush?

  32. Bonanza farms Farms controlled by large businesses that are managed by professionals and produce massive amounts of cash crops Dry farming Planting crops that don’t require very much water

  33. Technology in Farming1860-1900 • Mechanized reaper • Barbed wire • Dry farming • Steel plow • Harrow • Steel windmill • Hybridization • Improved communication • Grain drill

  34. Cattle boom • Cattle barons were wealthy ranchers, owning more than 100,000 cattle. Why would cattle be developing as such a huge industry?

  35. Buffalo • 25 million in 1840 • By 1889, around 1,100. Factors: Easy to hunt Buffalo fur was popular in the East. Buffalo hide was tough, and the leather was used in machinery. Hopes it would force the Native Americans into farming

  36. Chisolm Trail The Long Drive

  37. Factors that ended the cattle boom • Over-expansion • Prices dropped • Cold winters • Droughts • Diseases – cattle fever

  38. Frederick Jackson Turner Turner Thesis Emphasized individual effort, but down played federal involvement, Native American life, and contributions of women and other ethnic groups.

  39. Wild West is romanticized • Stereotypes of western heroes • Wyatt Earp • Calamity Jane • Wild Bill Hickok William F. “Buffalo Bill” Cody wild west shows became incredibly popular and helped shape the image of the West.

  40. The Rise and Fall of the Populist Party1867-1896

  41. Farmers’ Problems: • Lower prices for crops • Farmers had no cash . . .went further into debt. . . foreclosed on mortgages • Railroads charged outrageous prices to ship crops (no regulation!)

  42. Inflation The money you pay back is less than what you originally borrowed Deflation The money you pay back is more than what you borrowed Lending practices Example: If you borrowed $100 in 1880, you could buy 80 acres of land. What can you buy today for $100? This is inflation. Your money today is “worth less” than it was then.

  43. Money supply is the amount of money in the national economy. If the government increases the money supply, the value of the dollar drops Called Inflation After the Civil War, the money supply shrank Deflation Money Supply

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