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Martin Luther

Martin Luther. The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546. In 1517, Martin Luther attacked the sale of indulgences. He criticized corruption in the Roman Catholic Church; called for reform. Luther’s arguments were reproduced with printing presses and widely read.

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Martin Luther

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  1. Martin Luther

  2. The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther (1483-1546 In 1517, Martin Luther attacked the sale of indulgences. He criticized corruption in the Roman Catholic Church; called for reform. Luther’s arguments were reproduced with printing presses and widely read.

  3. websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu Enthusiastic popular response from lay Christians, princes, and many cities. By mid-16th century, half the German people adopted Lutheran Christianity.

  4. English Reformation Henry VIII Henry VIII was king of England from 1509 to 1547. Pope Clement VII did not allow Henry to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. So, Henry split from the Roman Catholic Church. (English Reformation)

  5. Wives of Henry VIII

  6. John Calvin calvin.edu Portrait of John Calvin by Hans Holbein John Calvin established a Protestant community in Geneva. Calvinist missionaries were successful in Scotland, the Low Countries, France, and England. His writings codified Protestant teachings.

  7. Catholic Reformation Ignatius Loyola Sixteenth century reform effort by Roman Catholic authorities. Council of Trent: demanded strict observances of morality and established seminaries. St. Ignatius Loyola established the Society of Jesus in 1540. The “Jesuits” became missionaries around the world.

  8. Religious conflict 16th C. Europe France: Roman Catholic persecutions of Protestants (Huguenots) led to religious and political conflict (1562-1598). The Edict of Nantes (1598) established tolerance of Protestants.

  9. Sixteenth Century Europe

  10. Wars between Roman Catholic and Protestant states: *Spanish Armada of 1588 (English victory). *The Netherlands became independent from Spain in 1610.

  11. Route of Spanish Armada

  12. Elizabeth I

  13. Philip II of Spain

  14. The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) The most destructive European war up to WWI. Involved most of Europe. Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states lost 1/3 of their population). France emerged as the leading power in Europe.

  15. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the conflict. It laid the foundation for a system of independent states.

  16. Europe after the Peace of Westphalia, 1648

  17. Holy Roman Empire Charles V Charles V (1519-1556), from the Habsburg dynasty and the Holy Roman Emperor, inherited a vast empire. He was unable to keep it unified.

  18. Spain The Spanish Inquisition ferreted out Jews, Muslims, and Protestants.

  19. Russia

  20. Russia Ivan III (the Great) Ivan III (1462-1505) ruled Moscow. He conquered neighboring principalities and quit paying the tribute to the Mongols.

  21. Ivan (the Great) III

  22. The Kremlin during Ivan III

  23. Ivan IV (the Terrible) Ivan IV (the Terrible) reigned from 1533 to 1584. Expanded Russian lands. First Russian ruler to be crowned “Tsar.” An absolute ruler. Created a secret police (oprichniki). Ruled cruelly.

  24. Ivan IV (the Terrible)

  25. St. Basil’s Cathedral

  26. Serfs tspace.library.utoronto.ca In 1597, serfdom was established by law. Serfs (peasants) were “owned” by their landlords and required to remain on his land.

  27. Tsar Mikhail Romanov 1613-1645: Mikhail Romanov reigned and founded the Romanov line, which would rule Russia until 1917.

  28. Peter I (the Great) Peter I (the Great) ruled Russia from 1689 to 1725. He made Russia a European power. Modernized and westernized his country. Russia was continually at war during his rule.

  29. “Bronze Horseman” (Peter I) by Etienne Falconet

  30. Peter the Great

  31. 1725-1727: Catherine I (Peter the Great’s second wife. 1727-1730: Peter II (Peter the Great’s grandson) 1730-1740: Anna (Ivan V’s wife) 1741-1762: Elizabeth (Peter the Great’s daughter) 1762: Peter III (Peter the Great’s grandson)

  32. Catherine II (the Great) Catherine II ruled from 1762-1796. Participated in the overthrow of her husband (Peter III). Increased Russian territory, power and prestige. An “enlightened despot.”

  33. Catherine II (the Great)

  34. France Louis XIII (top) Cardinal Richelieu (bottom) Louis XIII’s minister, Cardinal Richelieu, orchestrated absolute rule in France.

  35. LOUIS XIV

  36. Louis XIV (1638-1715) Louis XIV was called the “Sun King.” He spent lavishly on court luxuries and palaces (Versailles). An “absolute monarch.” “l’etat, c’estmoi.”

  37. Louis XIV

  38. Palace of Versailles

  39. Palace of Versailles

  40. Palace of Versailles

  41. England Queen Elizabeth I (reign: 1558-1603) Daughter of Henry VIII. Her forces defeated the Spanish Armada.

  42. Mary and Elizabeth Tudor

  43. King Charles I (top) Oliver Cromwell (bottom) English Civil War (1642- 1649) pitted the parliament against the king. King Charles I was defeated and executed. Oliver Cromwell, who led the parliamentary forces (Roundheads) became “Lord Protector” and ruled England from 1649 TO 1658.

  44. Charles I

  45. Oliver Cromwell

  46. Charles II

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