Unit 2— Africa’s Nationalist & Independence Movements!

1. Unit 2—Africa’s Nationalist & Independence Movements!

2. NIGERA’SNationalist Movement Nigeria • Is home to many different ethnic groups. After the Berlin Conference Great Britain was given control of Nigeria. • The British separated Nigeria into TWO colonies. • Many ethnic groups were opposed to being part of the same country . • These divisions between ethnic groups led to different treatment by Brits. • By the 1940s, Nigerians started many groups to fight British rule. • Many Nigerians admired the British because of their education in England. • Nigerians believe that the only way to have rights was to be free of European rule.

3. NigeriaContinued • These groups pushing for independence became political parties that worked for Nigerian independence. • By late 1940s and 50s, the British let Nigerians elect their own government. • In 1957 they elected AbubkarTafawaBalewa as their Prime Minister • On October 1, 1960 Nigeria was granted its independence from Britain.

4. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa

5. Kenya Nationalist Movement • Kenya was colonized by England & many people in Kenya disliked the British being there. • In opposition to British rule they organized a group known as the Mau Mau (1952-1960). • Mau Mau- asecret organization that believed the only way to win Kenyan rights and independence was through the use of force & violence. • In 1954 the British mostly defeated the Mau Mau, however violence between the two groups continued until 1960. • Thousands of people were killed during fighting, only about 100 were European.

6. Kenya Continued… • Eventually, overwhelming Kenyan support for the Mau Mau led the British to grant Kenya its independence. • In 1963 the British helped Kenyans hold democratic elections, they elected Jomo Kenyatta president. • Kenya was once again free from foreign rule.

7. Jomo Kenyatta

8. South Africa’s Nationalist Movement • South Africa’s path to independence. • In 1948, Afrikaners (people of Dutch decent) defeated English-speaking whites to win control of South Africa’s government. • South Africa was ruled by both the Dutch & British people. • Afrikaners established “Apartheid” --an Afrikaans word meaning “separateness” an official policy of racial discrimination & segregation. • Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights they had & required segregation. • Separation was based on race (black, white, or colored).

9. Homelands • There were established “homelands”for blacks; Homelands were: poor, crowded areas far away from the cities where the blacks had to live. • Homelands often did not have running water and electricity – (None). • Black South Africans could only leave their homeland if they were going to work for a white person. • Blacks forced to carry pass books (similar to a passport) at all times or they would go to prison

12. African National Congress (ANC) • African National Congress goal was to unite people of all races (in South Africa) to fight for rights and freedoms against racism & apartheid. • Nelson Mandela, a black South African, started the ANC & led it.

13. Nelson Mandela

14. F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela • Mandela, leader of the ANC was arrested on August 5, 1962. He was imprisoned for 27 years until he was granted his release in 1990 by F. W. de Klerk. • F.W. de Klerk was South Africa’s president when N. Mandela went to jail—he helped get Mandela out of jail (he was a white man) • Nelson Mandela was elected President of South Africa in 1994, he was South Africa’s first black president.