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2. Resources Chapter Presentation Visual Concepts Transparencies Standardized Test Prep

3. Plant Evolution and Classification Chapter 28 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Plants Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Section 3 Vascular Plants

4. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Objectives • Namethree adaptations plants have made to life on land. • Summarizethe classification of plants. • Describealternation of generations.

5. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Adapting to Land • Three adaptations have allowed plants to be successful on land: • a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss • haploid spores and diploid seeds to protect reproductive cells • special vascular tissues called xylem and phloem for absorbing and transporting materials within the plant.

6. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Requirements for Plants to Survive on Land

7. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants • The 12 phyla of plants are divided into two groups based on the presence of vascular tissue. • The three phyla of nonvascular plants have neither true vascular tissue nor roots, stems, or leaves. • Most members of the nine phyla of vascular plants have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves.

8. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Classifying Plants, continued • Vascular plants can be further divided into two groups, seedless plants and seed plants. • Seed plants include four phyla of gymnosperms and one phylum of angiosperms.

9. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Evolutionary Relationship Between Plants and Green Algae

10. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternating Life Cycles • All plants have a life cycle known as alternation of generations. • In alternation of generations, a haploid gametophyte produces gametes. Gametes unite and give rise to a diploid sporophyte. • Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which develop into gametophytes.

11. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations

12. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Life Cycles of Plants

13. Section 1 Overview of Plants Chapter 28 Alternation of Generations

14. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives • Identifythe characteristics of bryophytes. • Describeplant in the phylum Bryophyta. • Describeplants in the phylum Hepatophyta. • Describeplants in the phylum Anthocerophyta.

15. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Bryophytes • The three phyla of nonvascular plants are collectively calledbryophytes. • These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. • They are very small and are usually found in moist areas.

16. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants

17. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Bryophyta • Bryophytes in the phylum Bryophyta are mosses. • Mosses are attached to the soil by structures called rhizoids. • Peat moss is a moss that has many uses.

18. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Hepatophyta • Bryophytes in the phylum Hepatophyta areliverworts. • Liverworts lie close to the ground, which allows them to absorb water readily.

19. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Phylum Anthocerophyta • Bryophytes in the phylum Anthocerophyta arehornworts. • Hornworts do not have a stem or leaves. • Hornworts have long, thin, hornlike sporophytes that grow out of the top of the plant.

20. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Nonvascular Plants

21. Section 2 Nonvascular Plants Chapter 28 Parts of a Moss

22. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Objectives • Describethe adaptive advantages that plants have over nonvascular plants. • Summarizethe characteristics of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants. • Statethe major differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. • Determinewhy angiosperms have been so successful. • Comparemonocots and dicots.

23. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants • Vascular plants have several adaptive advantages over nonvascular plants, including specialized conducting tissues, the ability to grow large and live in many environments, and strong stems that allow them to grow tall and receive more sunlight. • Seedless vascular plants include the four phyla Psilophyta, Lycophyta, Sphenophyta, and Pteridophyta.

24. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Transporting Materials Throughout the Plant

25. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without Seeds

26. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Psilophyta • The phylum Psilophyta is represented by whisk ferns. • Some areepiphytesthat grow on other plants.

27. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Lycophyta • The phylum Lycophyta contains the club mosses. • Because they look like miniature pine trees, club mosses are also called ground pines.

28. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Sphenophyta • The phylum Sphenophyta includes horsetails of the genus Equisetum. • Horsetails have jointed photosynthetic stems that contain silica, with scalelike leaves at each joint.

29. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Seedless Vascular Plants, continued • Phylum Pteridophyta • Ferns belong to the phylum Pteridophyta and represent a diverse group. • Most ferns have an underground stem called arhizome.

30. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Parts of a Fern

31. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Seedless Vascular Plants

32. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants • There are two main groups of seed-bearing vascular plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms. • Gymnospermsare characterized by naked seeds and no flowers. • Angiospermshave flowers and seeds enclosed by a fruit.

33. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds

34. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Gymnosperms

35. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Cycadophyta • Cycads are gymnosperms of the phylum Cycadophyta. • Although cycads flourished during the age of the dinosaurs, only about 100 species survive today.

36. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Ginkgophyta • Like cycads, ginkgoes flourished during the time of the dinosaurs. • The only species existing today is Ginkgo biloba, which is native to China.

37. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Coniferophyta • The conifers, which are gymnosperms of the phylum Coniferophyta, include pine, cedar, redwood, fir, spruce, juniper, cypress, and bald cypress trees. • They are important sources of wood, paper, turpentine, ornamental plants, and Christmas trees.

38. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Gnetophyta • Gnetophytes, an odd group of cone-bearing gymnosperms, have vascular systems that more closely resemble those of angiosperms.

39. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Needles and Cones

40. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Gymnosperms

41. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Vascular Seed Plants, continued • Phylum Anthophyta • Anthophyta, the largest phylum of plants, includes over 240,000 species of flowering plants. • Angiosperms, or the flowering plants, are seed plants characterized by the presence of a flower and fruit.

42. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 The Evolution of Angiosperms • Angiosperms have been successful for many reasons, including the production of fruit that protects seeds, quick germination, and an efficient vascular system.

43. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Angiosperms

44. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Types of Angiosperms

45. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Familiar Families of Angiosperms

46. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Monocots and Dicots • Dicotsare distinguished frommonocotson the basis of several characteristics: cotyledon number, leaf venation, arrangement of stem vascular tissue, and number of flower parts.

47. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

48. Section 3 Vascular Plants Chapter 28 Comparing Characteristics of Monocots and Dicots

49. Chapter 28 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes? A. ferns and cycads B. conifers and ginkgoes C. hornworts and liverworts D. horsetails and club mosses

50. Chapter 28 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following plants are bryophytes? A. ferns and cycads B. conifers and ginkgoes C. hornworts and liverworts D. horsetails and club mosses