India & China – River Valley Systems Classical Civilization – China & India

1. India & China – River Valley SystemsClassical Civilization – China & India Chapters 2 & 3

2. 15. Aryans 16. Maurya dynasty 17. Gupta 18. Caste system 19. Untouchables 20. Hinduism 21. Upanishads 22. Dharma 23. Buddhism 24. Reincarnation 25. Buddha 26. Himalayas 27. Vedas Ch. 2 & 3 Vocabulary 1. Zhou dynasty 2. Qin dynasty 3. Shi Huangdi 4. Han dynasty 5. Mandarin 6. Dynasty 7. Mandate of Heaven 8. Great Wall 9. Legalism 10. Patriarchalism 11. Confucius, a.k.a. Kung Fuzi 12. Daoism 13. Silk Road 14. Alexander the Great

3. China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era I. Classical China – Growth of Dynasties

4. A. Zhou Dynasty (1029 – 258 B.C.E.) 1. Height c. 700 B.C.E. 2. Yangtze River valley settled a. Emperors encouraged people to move into this area 3. “Middle Kingdom” --China called themselves this since they believed they were at the center of civilization. 4. Mandate of Heaven – idea that a dynasty received its right to rule from heaven…gave legitimacy to rule 5. Unified the population through language…Mandarin Chinese

5. 6. Technologically advanced a. Compass b. Kite c. Mould board plow d. Planting in rows versus broadcast

6. Confucianism led to patriarchal family structures in China. Ancestor worship helped hold families together. More of a social system instead of a religion. B. Chinese Religions and Social Systems 1. Confucius…Kung Fuzi(ca. 551 – 478 B.C.E.) a. Confucianism stressed personal virtue, respect for the social hierarchy, duty, obedience, and ethics…Respect for superiors: primarily men…fathers and husbands b. Leaders must show moderation – don’t abuse power c. Rank based on intelligence, merit…not just social rank d. Confucianism became the predominate philosophy of China and areas it influenced e. Confucianism believed in political participation

7. 2. Legalism a. Alternative to Confucianism…mainly used by the Qin b. Leaders used it to justify harsh treatment of people -- Leaders would not be kind, humble, etc. c. Belief in evil nature of humankind…must be controlled 3. Daoism a. More religious than Confucianism…it was a more spiritual philosophy that emphasized harmony and the mystery of nature. b. Laozi(5th century B.C.E.) philosopher -- Force of nature controls everything c. Daoism argued against political participation. d. Daoism was allowed to flourish for it posed no threat to the state. Formal rituals made the religion appealing.

8. WHY? C. Qin Dynasty (221 – 207 B.C.E.)…Shi Huangdi 1. Centralized rule after a period of internal problems --used Legalism to control the population…especially intellectuals 2.Began Great Wall…3000 miles 3. Innovations a. census b. standardized coinage, weights, measures c. common writing system 4. Encouraged the production of silk

9. D. Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E. – 220 C.E.) 1. Retained Qin centralized government a. Expanded and solidified role of bureaucracy --What does this mean? b. Established civil service exam ***c. Based civil service on ideals of Confucianism*** d. Began development of scholar-gentry class China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era

10. 2. Expanded trade on Silk Road – trade contacts with India and Rome…both Qin and Han had commercial contact with Rome 3. Expanded into Korea, Southeast Asia, and Central Asia a. Very strong military made this expansion possible 4. Decline of the Han Dynasty a. Dynasty based on small independent farmer – changed over time to domination by large landowners b. Constant threats by northern tribes c. Increasing burdens on poor caused revolts d. Cost of maintaining border security…became unable to defend their massive empire against external threats e. Increased government corruption

11. II. The Chinese Economy A. Trade – very important during the Han dynasty 1. Wheat (northern China) for rice (southern China) 2. Occasional trips to India ***3. Silk Roads – under the Han dynasty*** a. Collection of roads that took goods, mostly Chinese silk, to the west. b. A series of nomadic traders usually carried the goods…not Chinese…made goods expensive

12. B. Agricultural Innovations a. Ox-drawn plow; collar b. Increased production allowed population growth C. Patriarchy 1. Women were subordinate…and will continue to be subordinate in Chinese society 2. Parents had total control over children D. China’s Social Structure 1. Landowners and Bureaucrats 2. Peasants and artisans 3. “Mean People” – unskilled masses at the bottom of society

13. III. China…Putting it all Together A. Isolation 1. China had very little contact with the outside even though trade routes existed a. They didn’t feel it was necessary b. This idea will continue to dominate in China B. Confucianism & bureaucracy – made sure that the people running the government had roughly the same beliefs and objectives…also were educated C. Political stability & economic growth a. These are meshed together…as the economy grew stronger, the more tax revenue produced. D. Divisions 1. Confucianism v. Daoism

14. IV.India – Indus River Valley A. The Beginning 1. Harappan civilization…3rd millennium B.C.E. 2. Centered on the Indus river system

15. B. The Great Cities 1.Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro – Indus River Valley a. Densely populated b. Walled C. Harappan Culture and Society 1. Agriculturally sufficient 2. Domesticated animals 3. Trade with Mesopotamia, China, and Burma D. Slow Demise of Harappan Civilization -- c. 1150 B.C.E. 1. Causes unclear 2. ***We don’t know much about them since their writing system has never been translated.***

16. Sometime after 2000 BCE, a new people took control of India. Historians often refer to this group as the Aryans, from a Sanskrit word meaning “noble.” Eventually the Aryans ruled over most of India, except for the far south. V. The Aryans – The Vedic Period -- Indo-Europeans -- Pastoralists…Meaning??? -- Moved into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran and, eventually, the Indusand Ganges river systems The Vedas were a collection of hymns written by the Aryans about the gods. This period (1,500 – 1,000 BCE) of Indian history takes its name from them! The Vedas eventually form the holy writings of Hinduism

17. Aryans shift to the Ganges River

18. A. Aryan Epic Age (1000 – 600 B.C.E.) 1. Epic Poems have told us most of the Indian history from this period. a. Mahabharata – India’s greatest epic poem b. Ramayana c. Upanishads – Religious epic poems B. Aryan Society promoted high levels of organization 1. Develops into caste system 2. Castes (varnas) a. Priests (brahmin) b. Warriors c. Merchants d. Peasants, servants e. Untouchables – worked at unclean jobs 3.Castes are hereditary; intermarriage is forbidden

19. The Mauryan Empire lasted from 321 BCE to 180 BCE. Other Classical empires at this time: Qin and Han in China, the Roman Republic, and the Maya in the Americas. VI. Development of Classical India A. Chandragupta Maurya 1. Unified India…set up the MauryanDynasty after the death of Alexander the Great (Where was he from? What did he do?) 2. Chandragupta Maurya was very autocratic…relied on military strength From the end of the Epic Period to the time of Alexander the Great, India was not united into a national state.

20. B.Ashoka (269 – 232 B.C.E.) --Grandson of Chandragupta 1. Expanded Mauryan control to nearly all of India a. Used brutal tactics 2. Conversion to Buddhism a. Still allowed Hinduism b. Attempted to spread Buddhism c. He worked for the welfare of his people and built roads with wells and rest stops; trade very important. India at the Time of Ashoka

21. The Gupta Empire C. After the Mauryans 1. Kushans took over; collapse by 220 C.E.; period of chaos follows 2. Guptas – from 320 C.E. a. Control India for over 200 years

22. Under the Gupta empire, most governmental functions were handled at the local and regional levels. VII. India Under the Guptas (320 - 550 C.E.) A. Large Armies were needed to maintain control since the government was so regional 1. Without a large bureaucracy like China they used local elites to rule; this did not promote cultural unity like China…also no common language B. National law codes were formed…enforced locally C. Caste System – helped maintain public order across the country since there wasn’t a national government 1. Had thousands of sub-classes ***2. Very rigid…provided a social order that government alone could not accomplish***

23. The Gupta Empire D. Major advancements in trade during this era, especially with Rome E. Huns – invade, 535 C.E. a. Ends Gupta Empire

24. Hinduism and Buddhism were the religions of Classical India. VIII. Indian Religion A. Hinduism 1. Unifying force – barriers of caste or politics didn’t stop its spread…was very flexible. 2. Aryan gods and goddesses mixed with native religions to form Hinduism. 3. Upanishads a. Epic that spoke of a divine spirit 4. Reincarnation – When you die your soul returns to another being. If you lived well, it moves to a higher caste. If not, you move down. Continued until you reached union with Brahma…Moksha. 5. Divinities…3 main Gods…Shiva (the destroyer), Vishnu (the preserver), Brahma (the creator)

25. B. Buddhism – SiddharthaGautama(@ 563 – 483 B.C.E.) --Grew out of Hinduism 1. Gautamalaterbecome Buddha…traveled and spreadhisideas…waseventuallywastreated as a deity by someBuddhists 2. Deniedmany of the Hindubeliefs a. Buddhistscouldreachnirvanawithout the Hindu ritual requirements or moving up the castes b. Great emphasis was placed on self-control c. Buddhism spread through monks…monasteries 3. Believed in the Four Noble Truths a. All life is suffering b. Suffering is caused by desire c. One can be freed of this desire d. One is freed of desire by following the Eightfold Path.

26. IX. Indian Life…Economically and Socially A. Patriarchal Social Order 1. Arranged marriages – often done for economics 2. Was still compassionate to women. --Women’s status usually higher than China B. Accomplishments 1. Textiles – First to make many forms of cloth 2. Iron working & steel – Superior to others 3. Long-distance trade with the Middle East, East Asia, and the Roman Empire 4. Great advances in astronomy…identified planets 5. The Indian number system is the one we use today. They invented the concept of zero, negative numbers, and the decimal system.

27. X. Indian Influence In Other Parts of Asia A. Via trade 1. Dominated the Indian Ocean region a. Took art, literature, and social networks B. Buddhism & Hinduism 1. Buddhism…particularly into China 2. Hinduism appealed to upper classes --Why not to the lower classes? Hindu Temple…Angkor Wat - Cambodia