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Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Pervasive Developmental Disorders. a broad base of developmental impairment of social interactions and communication associated with stereotyped behavior. Brief History. 1964 Dr. Bernard Rimland published Infantile Autism 1944 Asperger’s recognized as a condition

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Pervasive Developmental Disorders

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  1. Pervasive Developmental Disorders a broad base of developmental impairment of social interactions and communication associated with stereotyped behavior

  2. Brief History • 1964 Dr. Bernard Rimland published Infantile Autism • 1944 Asperger’s recognized as a condition • 1908 child disintegrative disorder was uncovered • Autism was the only defined disorder included in the DSM III in 1980

  3. Prevalence vs. Incidence • Prevalence is the number of cases with the disorder at a specific time • Incidence are the rate of new cases with the disorder within a period of time • Parameters for PDD detections have not been held constant over an extended period of time

  4. Prevalence Estimates • Prevalence of PDD range between 30 and 60 cases per 10,000 individuals • Autism - 2 to 20 cases in 10,000 • Asperger’s - 2.5 cases per 10,000 • Rett’s - 1 case in 10,000 • CDD - 1 case in every 50,000 individuals • PDD-NOS - 20 cases in every 10,000

  5. Autism • before the age of three • social domain is the area that is most impaired along with general perceptual and cognitive learning mechanisms

  6. Asperger’s • Differentiated from Autism in that there are no general delays or retardation in language or cognitive development • retardation is usually not observed • Is Asperger’s its own separate disorder or a shade on the Autistic spectrum

  7. Rett’s Disorder • A mutation in the Methyl Cytosine Binding Protein 2 (MECP2) found in X chromosome • period of normal development early on followed by a distinct pattern of deficits

  8. Child Disintegrative Disorder • period of normal development for at least 2 years but no more than 10 • marked regression in language, social skills, play, bowel and bladder control, motor skills and adaptive behavior • prognosis for CDD is worse than that of Autism

  9. PDD - NOS • Disorders that fall outside of the strict criteria of the other PDDs (Atypical Autism) • PDD-NOS are difficult to diagnose because of the lack of clear criteria

  10. Tests • Checklist for Autism in Toddlers • Autism Screening Questionnaire • Social Responsiveness Scale • Children’s Communication Checklist • The Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised • Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule • A single test alone cannot diagnose

  11. Prognosis • Spectrum disorder, variety of outcomes • High-functioning – low-functioning • Independent and successful and make the best of their deficits • Assistance with basic life activities

  12. Treatment • No cure for any of the PDDs • lessen the severity individual’s symptoms • Early intervention is important • The sooner the affected individual can begin working on skills that may compensate for the deficits and improve their quality of life

  13. Treatment • INDIVIDUALIZE TREATMENT!! • Meet the child where they are at with their disorder and progress from there • Play to the strengths of the client and concentrate not on what they cannot do but what they can • wide variety of treatment options, there is something for everyone

  14. Pharmacological • Anti-psychotics • SRI’s • Stimulants • Andrenoceptor Agonist • Opiate Agonist • Vitamins (A, B1, B3, B5, C) • Diet (gluten and casein free)

  15. Behavioral and Psycho-Educational • Applied Behavior Analysis • Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children • Picture Exchange Communication Systems • Pivotal Response Treatment • Social stories, written cues, video tapes • Peer interaction groups

  16. Specialized Therapies • Physical Therapy • Occupational Therapy • Speech Therapy • Art Therapy • Music Therapy • Animal Assisted Therapy

  17. Non-traditional • Aversive Stimulation at Judge Rotenberg Center • a graduated electronic decelerator, or G.E.D. It is used to administer an electric skin shock when children engage in aggressive or self-injurious behavior

  18. Local Support GroupsAutism Society of America • Bluegrass Chapter – Lexington (859) 299-9000 • Kentuckiana Chapter – Pewee Valley (502) 222-4706 • Western Kentucky Chapter – Henderson (270) 826-0510

  19. Activity • Many art therapists work with clients who have an autistic disorder. Art therapy is a beneficial form of treatment for working with individuals who have autism and related disabilities. • Practice drawing schemas • Look at graphic development • Art is a nonverbal symbolic way to express him or herself

  20. References • American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000. • Chakrabarti, S. and Fombonne, E., (2005) Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Preschool Children: Confirmation of High Prevelance. American Journals of Psychiatry, 162, 1133- 1142. • Eaves, R. C., Williams, T. O. Jr., (2006) Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rating Scale for Young Children with Autistic Disorder. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 167(1), 65-92. • Fombonne, E. (2005) The Changing Epidemiology of Autism. Journals of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 18, 281-294Martin, F. and Farnum, J. ( 2002) Animal-Assisted Therapy for Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 24 (6), 657-670. • Kurita, H., Osada, H., and Miyake, Y., (2004) External Validity of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder in Comparison with Autistic Disorder, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34 (3), 355-362 • Ruberman, L. (2002) Psychotherapy of Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 56 (2), 262-273 • Malone, R. P., Gratz, S. S., Delaney, M. A., Hyman, S. B., (2005) Advances in Drug Treatments for Children and Adolescents with Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. CNS Drugs, 19 (11), 923-934. • Masi, G. (2004) Pharmacotherapy of Pervasive Developmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents. CNS Drugs, 18 (14), 1031-1052. • Tryon, P. A., Mayes, S. D., Rhodes, R. L., and Waldo, M. (2006) Can Asperger’s Disorder be Differentiated from Autism Using DSM-IV Criteria. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21 (1), 2-6. • Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., Klin, A. (2004) Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45 (1), 135-170 • World of Health Organization: International Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems, Tenth Edition. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1994.

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