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Americanos: Ch. 2-3

Americanos: Ch. 2-3. What was the “pillars of the crown” metaphor? How did the juntas of Spanish America use it? Which types of people wore the “mask of Fernando”? Why? What challenges did many of the Spanish America’s juntas face once they were established?

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Americanos: Ch. 2-3

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  1. Americanos: Ch. 2-3 • What was the “pillars of the crown” metaphor? • How did the juntas of Spanish America use it? • Which types of people wore the “mask of Fernando”? Why? • What challenges did many of the Spanish America’s juntas face once they were established? • How did social divisions affect the juntas and the Cortes of Cadiz?? • Why did many of the movements for equality with Spain devolve into civil wars?

  2. Chapter 3-4 • Why did Hidalgo’s uprising fail? • What role did race play in the dealings of the Cortes? • What roles did the church, and clergy play in the struggles for independence? Why were priests leading the fight in Mexico while in most places the church was quite conservative? • What was the symbolic importance of the siege of Cuautla? • Who was Jose de San Martin and why was he able to gain influence in Buenos Aires?

  3. What did Bolivar mean by declaring “war to the death”? • Were there women who participated in the revolutions? Describe one. Is she typical? • What did Fernando VII once he was back in power? • Why did the Spanish people go along with it? • Who were the llaneros? Why were they so important to the course of Venezuelan history? • What was San Martin’s new plan?

  4. To whom was Bolivar appealing to for help with his famous “Jamaica Letter”? • What did Joao VI do December 12, 1815? Why?

  5. Chapters 5 & 6 • Why was San Martin’s crossing of the Andes so remarkable? • Why did Bolivar execute Manuel Piar? • Why was Bolivar’s crossing of the Andes so remarkable? • Compare and contrast the two crossings. • Why were the two liberators unable to work together? • Why did Iturbide and Guerrero agree to work together? • What role did the Holy Alliance play in Spain and Portugal?

  6. Why was the patriot victory in Peru and Upper Peru so complete? Why weren’t there royalist guerrillas fighting for years afterward? • Does Chasteen argue that victory came solely as a result of military success? If no, then where did it truly come from? • What was Bolivar’s grand plan for Spanish America? Why did it fail? • What happened to Bolivar and Guerrero and Artigas and Sucre and O’Higgins and many of the other leaders of the revolutions?

  7. What became of the countries that arose out of the revolutions? • Did they retain their liberal ideals? Why or why not?

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