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Bellringer :

Learn what defines a mineral, its properties, how to differentiate minerals from non-minerals, and identifying characteristics such as hardness, crystal shape, luster, color, streak, density, cleavage/fracture, and special properties. Discover how to determine the mineral's key characteristics and conduct tests like the Moh's Hardness Scale.

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Bellringer :

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  1. Bellringer: • Sort these items into minerals and not minerals: • Wood • Sulfur • Feldspar • Fossil • Granite • Gold • Copper • Halite • Ice • Water • Talc • Topaz • Dirt • Smoke • Sun

  2. What is a Mineral?

  3. What is a mineral? Properties: • Solid • Cannot be a liquid or a gas • Naturally Occurring • Found in nature, not man-made • Inorganic • Is not alive and never was, non-living • Fixed composition • Has a chemical formula, most are formed from compounds of two or more elements, some minerals consist of one element ex. Au • Crystal Form • A definite structure in which atoms are arranged

  4. What is a mineral? Definition: A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure. -Questions to ask yourself when determining if an item is a mineral or not: • Is it non-living material? • Is it a solid? • Is it formed in nature? • Does it have a crystalline structure?

  5. hardness crystal shape (form) luster color Streak Density (specific gravity) Cleavage/fracture special properties --reaction to acid --fluorescence --salty taste --magnetism Minerals are identified by their key characteristics

  6. Hardness Refers to "scratchability" or resistance to being scratched. Harder minerals will scratch softer minerals. Geologists rank minerals according to hardness using the Moh's scale Moh's Hardness Scale 1.0TALC 2.0GYPSUM 2.5 FINGERNAIL 3.0CALCITE 3.5COPPER PENNY 4.0FLUORITE 5.0 APATITE 5.5STEEL KNIFE/GLASS PLATE 6.0FELDSPAR 7.0QUARTZ 8.0TOPAZ 9.0CORUNDUM (RUBY) 10.0 DIAMOND

  7. Crystal Shape (Form) • External structure due to internal arrangement of the atoms

  8. Luster • Describes how light reflects off the surface • Main categories are “metallic” and “non-metallic” • Non-metallic includes “dull,” glassy,” waxy,” “pearly,” and others

  9. Non-metallic mineral Metallic mineral

  10. Cleavage and Fracture -Cleavage refers to the pattern of very smooth, flat, or reflective surfaces that a mineral “cleaves” or breaks into. -These special breakage surfaces correspond to zones of weak bonding in the crystal structure. -Other minerals break unevenly along rough or curved surfaces--this is called fracture NO cleavage

  11. Color -Color results from ability to absorb some wavelengths and reflect others -some minerals have characteristic color while others vary due to chemical differences or impurities (rust, other mineral, etc.) e.x. quartz -VERY unreliable.

  12. Streak • Color of the powder when rubbed on a “streak plate” (unglazed porcelain) • Always the same unlike color.

  13. Density (Specific Gravity) • density (mass /volume) • Specific Gravity is the density of the mineral compared with density of water

  14. Special Characteristics-- Fluorescence • Some minerals will glow when placed under ultraviolet light • Carbonates react with dilute HCl and other acids by fizzing or bubbling (releasing CO2 gas) The “Acid Test”

  15. Special Characteristics--Salty Taste • DO NOT TASTE MOST MINERALS! • Halite is the exception--it will taste salty

  16. Special Characteristics--Magnetism • Many iron minerals will produce an invisible magnetic force field

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