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Module 9

Module 9. Classical Conditioning. THREE KINDS OF LEARNING. Classical conditioning Stimulus substitution Pavlov/dogs Operant conditioning Consequences Thorndike/cats Skinner/rats Cognitive learning Predictable relationships Bandura/Bobo doll. Classical Conditioning.

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Module 9

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  1. Module 9 Classical Conditioning

  2. THREE KINDS OF LEARNING Classical conditioning • Stimulus substitution • Pavlov/dogs Operant conditioning • Consequences • Thorndike/cats • Skinner/rats Cognitive learning • Predictable relationships • Bandura/Bobo doll

  3. Classical Conditioning • Classical conditioning • stimulus substitution/conditioned reflex • Involuntary/elicited response • The goal is to create a new response to a neutral stimulus • Ex. The sight of a needle can trigger fear • Helps predict what may happen (survival) • Ivan Pavlov (salivating dogs) • Pavlov rang a bell before putting food in a dogs mouth. • after numerous trials of pairing the food and bell, the dog salivated to the sound of the bell • This becomes a conditioned reflex

  4. Theories of classical conditioning Stimulus substitution • a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (food) • The bell substitutes for food Contiguity theory • two stimuli (neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus) are paired close together in time (contiguous) • The sight of food elicits salivation

  5. Theories of classical conditioning (cont.) Cognitive perspective • an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus (neutral stimulus) predicts the occurrence of another (unconditioned stimulus) • The bell predicts the food

  6. Classical Conditioning NS UCS UCR CS CR

  7. PROCEDURE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Step 1: Choosing stimulus and response • Neutral stimulus • some stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested • Unconditioned stimulus • USC, some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink • Unconditioned response • UCR, unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

  8. PROCEDURE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (CONT.) • Step 2: Establishing classical conditioning • Neutral stimulus • trial, pair neutral stimulus (bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (food) • neutral stimulus presented first then short time later the unconditioned stimulus • Unconditioned stimulus • seconds after the tone begins, you present the UCS • Unconditioned response • UCS (food) elicits the UCR (salivation)

  9. PROCEDURE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (CONT.) • Step 3: Testing for conditioning • Conditioned stimulus • CS, is a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned response • CR, elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the UCS • CR, less salivation than the UCR

  10. OTHER CONDITIONING CONCEPTS • Generalization • tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original CS to elicit a response that is similar to the CR • Shampoo and aftershave • Discrimination • occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others • Nail polish and aftershave

  11. OTHER CONDITIONING CONCEPTS (CONT.) • Extinction • a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS and, as a result, the CS tends to no longer elicit the CR • Boyfriend’s aftershave • Spontaneous recovery • tendency for the CR to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials • Systematic Desensitization • Change CS back to NS • Effective tx for nausea, fear of blood, public speaking

  12. ADAPTIVE VALUES & USES • Adaptive value • certain abilities or genetic traits that have evolved to increase survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury • Bluejays avoid Monarchs • Taste aversion learning • associating a particular sensory cue (smell, tastes, sound, or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular unpleasant or dangerous sensory cue in the future • Can develop after one exposure and last 4-5 years

  13. Classical Conditioning NS UCS UCR CS CR Bell Aftershave Tapping arm Sight of needle Dish soap Rat/rabbit/dog Eye blink Salivation Nausea Anxiety Pain Fear Startle Cry Loud noise, chemo, food, dental procedure, needle injection Noise of squeaky wheelbarrow, aftershave Salivating to the sound of a bell or wheelbarrow, fear/fainting/nausea

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