Sirex noctilio – European wood wasp

1. Sirex noctilio – European wood wasp • Native to Europe • Discovered in Oswego in 2004 • Attacks pines – red, scots, austrian, white and many others • Detected in 24 NYS counties by 2006 trapping survey

5. Five small understory pines in Oswego, New York produced 900 Sirex noctilio adults.

6. Identification • Bluish-black with orange legs • 1” to 1-1/2” long • Long pointed projection at tail - larger ovipositor on females • Resin beads and bleeding from emerging adults and oviposition sites • Round exit holes – 1/8” to 3/8” diameter

7. Control Measures • Trial release by APHIS/NYSDAM of predatory nematode imported from Australia in fall 2010 (trap trees) • Full blown release if rearing and distribution of nematode is successful. • These are control measures only, not an eradication effort • May have to set up a quarantine to contain movement of pine wood products

8. Trap Trees and resin beads

9. Anoplophoraglabripennis Introduced Hosts: Many hardwoods Especially Maples Also willows, elms, horsechestnut, birches, poplars, ash, London plane, etc... Found in NYC and parts of Long Island Asian Long-horned Beetle

10. Brief ALB History • 1996 – Brooklyn • 1998 – Chicago • 2002 – Jersey City • 2004 – Union County NJ • 2007 – Pralls Island (near Staten Island) • 2008 – Worcester, Mass – infestation is estimated to be 8 to 10 years old. Starting eradication efforts – quarantined; cut and chip; insecticides

12. Identification • Large beetle – about 1” • Glossy black with white spots • Antennae 1 ½ - 2 ½ its body length • Large ( ½ in.) , round exit holes • Oval wounds/pits in the bark – egg laying sites • Piles of course sawdust

13. Oviposition Sites and Eggs Oviposition Sites Egg Egg Recently Hatched

18. Leaf Feeding

19. Sap Oozing & Frass

20. Female Male Similar looking native beetle: Whitespotted sawyer

21. Early detection and containment are the key Could have a devastating impact in New York State due to our tree species

22. Forest Tent Caterpillar • Native to NA – many hardwood hosts • Severe outbreaks last few years in the Tug Hill area and Central New York – outbreaks typically last 2-5 years but may be longer • Natural predators are present – weather (temp), viral, fungal and parasitic flies • Expected to migrate outward from these areas • We will be monitoring forest stands for damage – also egg mass survey this fall. (survey methods on DEC website)

23. Forest Tent – not Eastern Tent

24. Hemlock Woolly Adelgid • Introduced from Asia • First observed on Western and Mountain Hemlocks in the 1920’s – generally harmless in Asia and out west • Attacks Eastern and Carolina Hemlock (1950 to present) • Nearest infestation areas are in SE New York and Eastern PA. • Recently found on landscape plants in six locations near Rochester and in the Finger Lakes

28. Recent HWA Finds

29. Identificationwhite egg sacs resembling the tips of cotton swabs – present year round but most prominent in the spring

30. Eradication Efforts • Since these are outlying populations we want to eradicate them • Cut, chipped and buried infected trees in Rochester area in 2005 • Planted new trees for homeowners • 2009 – had to move to a slow the spread strategy – no money for eradication in Finger Lakes area. Moving to bio-controls. • Yearly inspections conducted by DEC • Need your help – report any sightings

31. Firewood Regulations • Established temporary regulation in May 2008. • Temporary regulation was extended once and was made permanent March 18, 2009 • Many other States (PA, Ohio, MI, WI) and Federal agencies (USFS, National Parks Service, USDA APHIS) and the Canadian Government have already imposed regulations on the importation and movement of firewood

32. Purpose • To protect New York’s Forests and trees • Reduce the spread of destructive insects and diseases • Eradication and containment efforts are expensive • Firewood has been shown to be a main vector of human assisted movement

33. Summary of Provisions • Covers wood/timbers that are the size and form appropriate for use as fuel • Covers all tree species • Log-length material is not automatically covered • Firewood must be treated – 71 degrees C (160F) at the core for 75 minutes OR • Moved less than 50 miles • Illegal to bring untreated firewood into NY

34. Self Issued Certificates • To state that wood has been treated OR • That “source” is less than 50 miles

35. Penalties • $250 fine • Plus $100 civil penalty • Up to 15 days in jail • But failure to comply may result in the death of thousands of trees, destruction of campgrounds, loss of tree species, poor wood markets, loss of habitat and costly containment/eradication etc. etc.

36. Regulations on DEC website • http://www.dec.ny.gov/regulations/2359.html • Self issued certificate - http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/selfisscert.pdf • Have some handouts here today

37. Other Insect & Disease Issues Gypsy Moth Beech Bark Disease Sudden Oak Death Oak Wilt European Oak Borer More to come?

38. Invasive Plants Tree of Heaven -Ailanthus altissima Native to China Grows anywhere Prolific seeder – documented 300,000/tree Leaves compound 11-41 leaflets - with ‘thumb’ at base

39. Garlic Mustard – Alliariapetiolata Native to Europe Compete with spring ephemerals Inhibits mycorhizal tree fungi Lower leaves kidney shaped with triangular upper leaves Up to 3,000 seeds per plant

40. Multiflora Rose – Rosa multiflora Native to Asia Reproduces by seed, root sprouts, layering Alternate, compound with 5-11 leaflets Rigid, recurved thorns seed bank up to 20 years Often requires repeat spraying

41. Honeysuckle – Amur, Tartarian & Japanese Non natives are erect shrubs – natives are vine-like Exotics have yellow, orange or red berries Leaves opposite Tartarian Amur Japanese

42. Swallow-wort – black and pale Native to Europe – pale introduced to Canada in early 1900’s Thrives in sun or shade Leaves opposite, dark green, shiny Needs repeated treatment pale black

43. Other problem plants Oriental bittersweet Mile-A-Minute weed Japanese barberry Autumn olive Japanese knotweed Giant hogweed – health hazard – DEC control crews Common buckthorn Etc etcetc

44. Diseases • Dutch elm • Butternut canker • Oak wilt • Sudden Oak death • Beech bark disease • Etc etcetc • Many diseases have insect vectors

45. The White-tailed Deer • Most widespread big game animal in U.S. • Inhabits all areas of NY with western NY having the most • Extremely adaptable to different habitats and human densities • Prolific breeders, capable of expanding from a pair to 64 or more in six years • Second only to man in their ability to alter their environment

46. Solution? – 3 choices – shoot them, shoot them or shoot them