How To Make A Decent Disease Card!

1. How To Make A Decent Disease Card! EXAMPLE: Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS)

2. What Categories Do You Need To Consider? • The Name/s of the Disease • Common Names • The Causal Agent & its Characteristics • Scientific Name: Genus & species, strain etc • Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan, viral • Appearance & shape • Worldwide Importance & Occurrence • Disease Reservoirs • Disease Transmission • Portals of Entry & Exit • Unique Toxins or Virulence Factors • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease Signs & Symptoms • Disease Identification, Confirmation & Diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else e.g. predisposed individuals etc

3. Where Do I get the Info? • Index (Get page nos & chap no.) • Read the chapter & general information about the disease & the causal agent. • Look at all the pictures – the text is useful too. • Chapter Summary tables. • Chapter ‘Checkpoints’. • Chapter Summary. • Appendix D Disease tables by System.

4. Where Do I get the Info? • Textbook Index (6th Ed. p. 538-41. 7th Ed. p. 540) • Read the chapter (18) & general information about the disease & the causal agent. • Look at all the pictures (Figs 18.1, 18.2, 18.5, 18.6, 18.7, Table 18.1, 18.2) – the text is useful too. • Chapter summary tables (Table 18.1). • Chapter ‘Checkpoints’ (7th Ed.p.543, 6th Ed. p. 544 ). • Chapter summary (7th Ed. p. 560, 6th Ed. P. 563). • Appendix D disease tables by system (page D-4, Table D.3 ‘Infections of Skin & Skin Wounds’).

5. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Disease reservoirs • Disease transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Treatment & Prevention • Anything else

6. The Name of The Disease? Common name or names? • Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) or • Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) • or • Toxigenic Staphylococcal Disease

7. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

8. The Causal Agent – Genus speciesStrain/Serovar/Pathovar Staphylococcus aureus BACTERIUM • Gram positive cocci. • Irregular clusters of cells. • Non-motile. • Resistant to drying, heat, harsh conditions (salt, pH, temp). • Facultative anaerobe.

9. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

10. Worldwide Importance • Ubiquitous • Common wherever there are humans!

11. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

12. Disease Reservoirs • Mainly humans – normal flora • Common (20 – 60% carriage rate) • skin • nostrils • nasopharynx • oral cavity • intestine (No animal hosts - not a zoonosis)

13. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

14. Disease Transmission • Nosocomial - newborn nurseries • Close contact • Nasal and oral droplets • Fomites • Poor hygiene • Tissue injury (No animal vectors)

15. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

16. Portals • Skin • Eyes • Umbilical Stump • Entrance may Differ from Exit

17. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique Toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

18. Toxins • Exfoliative Toxins cause skin at the dermis to shed (desquamation) & peel. Virulence Factors resist phagocytosis & antibiotics, destroy host tissue & invade the blood. • Coagulase • Many others e.g. hyaluronidase,staphylokinase etc • Antibiotic Resistance enzymes • Penicillinases SSS - Sub-corneal splitting

19. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

20. Affected Systems/Organs/Tissues • Skin • Toxemia Signs & Symptoms • Infants & Children < 4 years old • Rash followed by painful red flush over entire body • Blisters • Desquamation of the epidermidis • Exfoliative toxins

21. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique Toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

22. Diagnosis/Lab I.D. • Isolation • pus, tissue exudates, urine, blood • Inoculation of media • Blood agar (sheep/rabbit) • Mannitol salt agar • Gram-stain • Catalase test (Staph vs Strep) • Coagulase test (S. aureus vs S. species) • Rapid multitest system e.g.anaerobic & ferments mannitol • Latex bead agglutination test

23. Disease Card Categories? • The name of the disease • The causal agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of entry & exit • Virulence factors & unique Toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease signs & symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

24. Treatment • Toxemia treatment = lengthy, intensive therapy (oral/ingested drugs) • Multidrug Resistance (MDR) • PenicillinR, AmpicillinR, etc • Perform lab. antibioticR tests Prevention = Universal Precautions • Hygiene & handwashing • Cleansing of skin wounds • Disposal - dressings & discharges • Isolation – patients with open lesions • Care with catheters & needles • Ban nasal Staph. carriers - nurseries & delivery rooms • No vaccine yet • CAN NEVER BE ELIMINATED if humans are around!

25. Disease Card Categories? • The Name of the disease • The Causal Agent & its characteristics • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of Entry & Exit • Virulence factors & unique Toxins • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease Signs & Symptoms • Disease identification, confirmation & diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

26. Anything Else ?Predisposing Conditions… etc • Under 4 years old • Neonates • Pyogenic (generates pus) • Tough organism!

27. What Categories Do You Need To Consider? • The Name/s of the Disease • Common Names • The Causal Agent & its Characteristics • Scientific Name: Genus & species, strain etc • Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoan, viral • Appearance & shape • Worldwide importance & occurrence • Reservoirs • Transmission • Portals of Entry & Exit • Unique Toxins or Factors • Systems/Organs/Tissues affected • Disease Signs & Symptoms • Disease Identification, Confirmation & Diagnosis • Prevention & Treatment • Anything else

28. What Diseases? See Disease List! • Bacterial Diseases • Cocci of Medical Importance • Staphylococcal Disease: Scalded Skin Syndrome • Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis • Toxic Shock Syndrome • Impetigo • MRSA and VRE • Streptococcal Disease: Impetigo • Pharyngitis • Scarlet Fever • Rheumatic Fever • Acute glomerulonephritis • Endocarditis • Pneumococcal pneumonia • Otitis media • Necrotizing Fasciitis • Dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis • Neisseria: Gonococcus: gonorrhea, ophthalmia neonatorum • Meningococcus: meningitis • Rods of Medical Importance • Endospore formers: Anthrax: cutaneous and pulmonary • Gas gangrene • Tetanus • Clostridial gastroenteritis & Clostridial colitis • Botulism • Non-endospore formers: Listeriosis • Diphtheria • Tuberculosis • Leprosy • Gram negative Pseudomonads • Whooping Cough • Legionnaires Disease • Salmonellosis • Shigellosis • Enterotoxigenic E. coli • Spiral and Unusual Syphilis: primary, secondary, and tertiary • Leptospirosis • Lyme Disease • Cholera • Campylobacter vibrios • Chlamydial infections, infantile conjunctivitis

29. What Diseases? See Disease List! • Fungi of Medical Importance • Dermatophytoses (cutaneous infections) • Ringworm infections: Tinea versicolor, • Ringworm of the body, groin, foot, hand, and nail • Systemic Infections • Candidiasis • Pneumocystis pneumonia • Histoplasmosis • Coccidioidomycosis • Parasitic Infections of Medical Importance • Protozoan infections • Amoebiasis • Giardiasis • Trichomoniasis • Malaria • Leishmaniasis • Toxoplasmosis • Trypanosomiasis • Helminth Infections • Ascariasis Shistosomiasis • Pinworm Tapeworm • Viral Infections of Medical Importance • DNA Viruses • Smallpox • Herpes simplex I and II • Chicken pox and Shingles • Infectious Mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr Virus) • Hepatitis B • Genital Warts • RNA Viruses • Influenza • Croup • Mumps • Red Measles (Rubeola) • German Measles (Rubella) • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) • HIV and AIDS • West Nile Virus • Polio • Hepatitis A and C • Prions • CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) • BSE (Bovine spongiform encephaly), mad cow disease

30. How Should I Organize My Card/Chart? • Any way you want! • Be creative! • Use cards or charts! • Try it out & see what works for YOU! • DO NOT copy or photocopy other people’s work! • You must write & make your own cards.