Abnormal Psychology

1. Abnormal Psychology This is not a course about the problems of someone else. Mental illness touches all of us at some time during our lives; if we are not the ones afflicted, then it will be a family member, loved one, or close friend. The problem of abnormal behavior is personally relevant and emotionally charged, but in this course we will explore the problem from an objective and scientific point of view. Although we must be dispassionate in our study of the problem, it is important that we keep in mind the importance and the intense personal ramifications of what we are studying.

2. Psychopathology... beyond behavior • Thought: • problems in how and what we think • Emotion: • problems in momentary mood and chronic temperament • Conation: • problems in momentary motives and persistent needs ... the “subject matter” and the “data base”

3. The Definition of “Psychopathology” Topics: The importance of the historical context • Understanding: scientific description and explanation ... the history of our curiosity • Intervention: the change technologies ... the history of our compassion

4. History ... of understanding and intervention 3 broad perspectives on both: • Sociocultural: natural and supernatural • Biological: body and brain • Psychological: three theories of the mind

5. ... and a narrow-minded tradition Intervention Therapy Cure/Care Understanding Theory Cause

6. Examples: • Biology: from the four humors to the monoamines • Psychology: three “meta-theories” • Learning Theories: adaptation to the present and the behavior and cognitive therapies • Phenomenological Theories: growth into the future and the directive and non-directive therapies • Psychodynamic Theories: conflict from the past and the psychoanalytic therapies • Sociocultural factors: natural and supernatural

7. People and their Problems...the recurrent millennia of history • Understanding problems, in the past  the causes of problems • Intervening with people, in the future •  the course of life

8. Some comparisons... • Simple mechanical objects (cars and clocks) ... focus on cause • More complex situations (soups and sauces) ... focus on effect • The complexity of life (you and I) ... focus on resilience

9. Implication... “problems” as solutions to problems Factors in the .... cause (past) content (present) course (future)

10. Common confusions • Theory  Therapy example: “therapeutic nihilism” • Therapy  Theory example: “post hoc explanations”

11. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality “Those who don’t study history more carefully are condemned to repeat it.” - George Santayana

12. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • Ancient writings & archaeological evidence • Homer • The Hebrews • Trephining • Asclepius

13. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • Biogenesis: Hippocrates and “the four humors” • Sanguine • Choleric • Phlegmatic • Melancholic e.g., hysteria

14. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • Psychogenesis: Plato and "the tripartite mind“ • Affect • Appetite • Reason • Self-management e.g., catharsis

15. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Roman Era and The Middle Ages • The Roman Era : Galen and beyond • The Middle Ages : “The Dark Ages” (450 – 1450 A.D) • The Arab World : • Egypt and Avicenna • The Western World : • France • Italy • Britian • Gheel • St. Augustine

16. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Renaissance and the Revolutions A. The Return of the Supernatural View Witches ... and the rise of the asylum

17. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Renaissance and the Revolutions A. The Return of the Supernatural View Witches ... and the rise of the asylum

18. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality Three Threats: 1. Physical: “The Black Death” 2. Religion: “The Reformation” 3. Social: “The Little Ice Age”

19. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Solution: Malleus Maleficarum: (and Thesaurus Exorcismorum) A witching trial during the Salem Witch Hunt

20. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Solution: Marvin Harris

21. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Asylum London: St. Mary’s of Bethlehem Paris: LaBicêtre Salpêtrière St. Mary’s of Bethlehem

22. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Asylum London: St. Mary’s of Bethlehem Paris: LaBicêtre Salpêtrière

23. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

24. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Challenge: • St. Thomas Aquinas, from the Middle Ages • Johann Weyer Deception of Demons Johann Weyer St. Thomas Aquinas

25. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Challenge: • Reginald Scot The Discovery of Witchcraft

26. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Challenge: • Teresa of Avila

27. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Challenge: • Teresa of Avila

28. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Challenge: • Paracelsus

29. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Renaissance and the Revolutions • The “Mental Hospital Movement” Paris: Philippe Pinel and Jean Baptiste Pussin Dorothea Dix

30. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Renaissance and the Revolutions • The “Mental Hospital Movement” London: William Tuke ... and the York Retreat Dorothea Dix

31. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Renaissance and the Revolutions • The “Mental Hospital Movement” The York Retreat Dorothea Dix

32. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Renaissance and the Revolutions • The “Mental Hospital Movement” America: Dorothea Dix ... and “moral management” Clifford Beers . .. and “the mental hygiene movement” Dorothea Dix Clifford Beers

33. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

34. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

35. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

36. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality 5. The Psychiatric Revolution: the return of biogenesis

37. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

38. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

40. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality • The Psychiatric Revolution: the return of biogenesis Louis Pasteur Benjamin Rush

41. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality 5. The Psychiatric Revolution: the return of biogenesis Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis Louis Pasteur Edward Jenner

42. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality 5. The Psychiatric Revolution: the return of biogenesis William Farr Paul Broca John Snow

43. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality 5. The Psychiatric Revolution: the return of biogenesis Korsakoff Alzheimer Wernicke

44. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

45. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Story of General Paresis Diagnosis ...from cases to syndromes History ...from correlates to causes Treatment ...from causes to cures

46. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality Ehrlich’s “magic bullet”

47. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality Along the way.... • anti-sexualism • degeneracy theory • phrenology

48. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality

49. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality The Medical View: Emil Kraepelin Jean-Martin Charcot Wilhelm Griesinger

50. History of psychopathology... the myth and the reality