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Explore the early life, education, and political contributions of Maulana Hasrat Mohani, a prominent figure in India's freedom struggle with undying commitment to his beliefs. Follow his journey from college activist to revered political leader.
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Early Life of Maulana • MaulanaSyedFazlul Hassan Hasrat Mohani was born in 1878. • He was born in the middle class family of SyedAzharHasan in a small town Mohan in Unnao district, Lucknow.
Primary Education • He completed his primary education from a Maktab (traditional Madarsah) in Mohan and acquired the knowledge of Urdu, Persian and Arabic from his teachers, MiyanJiGhulam Ali Mohani and MiyanJiBalaqi Mohani.
Middle school • In 1894, he passed his middle school from Mohan middle school and secured First position in entire state of Central Province.
High school • In 1899, he completed his High School from Government High School of Fatehpur. • He was awarded a scholarship and joined Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College (MAO) Aligarh (now Aligarh Muslim University).
College Life • Hasrat completed his Intermediate exam in 1901 and joined B.A with Arabic and Mathematics as Optional subject. • He was a nationalist so once College Cricket team beat an English team and Maulana Hasrat Mohani led the celebration. • Unhappy British establishment in the college had him rusticated.
Maulana fought back and got re-instated but was not allowed to live in hostel so he moved to a rented place in Rasal-Ganjarea of Aligarh city. • During his college days, he started taking interest in national politics which was also not accepted by College administration and he was rusticated again, but every time he fought for truth and came back to college to complete his education.
In 1903, he completed his B.A. MAO College which was affiliated with University of Allahabad so he received a degree of BA from University of Allahabad. • He was an ardent supporter of Aligarh Movement and mission of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. • His personality was a true interpretation of the product of Aligarh Movement, what Sir Syed had dreamed years ago.
The basic principle of Aligarh Movement was to follow religion with full faith and integrity and at the same time take part in the individual and community growth to live a better life. • Maulana Hasrat Mohani followed this principle in its entirety. • From his early days to his last breath, he was an ardent follower of Islam.
His participation in the freedom struggle of India, Anti-British establishment nature, social communism lineage never deviated him from his religious beliefs and practices. • During his stay of 2 years in jail, despite of the hard work, he was observing Ramadan fast and regular prayers.
Political Contribution of MaulanaHasratMohani • He was the first voice of rebellion and revolution raised at Aligarh Muslim University where he studied. • He coined the slogan InquilabZindabad. • He advocated the cause of independence from the platform of Indian National Congress followed by his persistent demand from the platforms of theAll India Muslim League and the Communist Party.
He made politics as his sacred mission and struggled for the causes of Muslims and other oppressed people of the society for his entire life. • In 1904,Swadesi Movementwas launched and MaulanaHasratMohanibecame an active participant in the movement. • He published several articles in Urdu-e-Mu-alla to support the Swadesi Movement.
To promote the Swadesi movement, he started a Swadesi store which was run buy his beloved wife and due to their efforts, the store became a successful venture. • In the political thoughts, he was a supporter of Bal GangadharTilakand always criticized Motilal Nehru, Bal Krishna Gokhlayand other moderates of the party. • MaulanaHasratMohanitook an active part in the movement to form Muslim Universityand wrote several articles in Urdu-e-Mu-allafor Muslim University.
In 1919, MaulanaHasratMohaniparticipated in Muslim League Convention in Amritsar. • In 1925, HasratMohaniplayed a key role to organize annual convention of All India Communist Party in Kanpur. He was chairman of the reception committee of the convention.
MaulanaHasratMohanipresided over the annual session of the All India Khilafat Committee in 1923 and was elected President of the All India Muslim League in 1923. • In 1945, he was elected as a member of UP Assembly and member of The Constituent Assembly as a representative of Muslim League. • After the birth of Pakistan, he stayed behind in India to safeguard the interests of Muslims in India.
He asserted that at such a critical moment he could not think of leaving the Muslims of India in total despair. • His memorable words challenging Sardar Patel, in the Constituent Assembly, will long run in the memory of future generations: “You should not think that Muslims are orphans today. I am here to defend their rights against all odds and will fight for them till death”.
Urdu –E – Mualla • Maulana interest in Urdu literature inspired him to start URDU-E-MAULLA In 1903. • He wrote many articles to support Swadesimovement. • In 1908, he wrote an article to criticize the policies of British rulersof Egypt for which he had to go jail. • After jail, he started this Urdu-e-Maulla in 1910.
After that Aligarh movement started to unite Muslims, he wrote many articles in Urdu-e-Maulla to awake Muslims of University. • It appeared much earlier than Comrade, Zamindar and AL-Balagh. • In 1916, the ideology and methodology to raise the Muslims against India lead him to house arrest.
When it comes to bold and trenchant political writings. The three main names usually invoked are: MAULANA MOHAMMAD ALI JOHAR MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD ZAFAR ALI KHAN • The Maulla had invited British wrath for Hasrat’s writings during the agitation on the Kanpur Mosque demolition, resulting a security demand for Rs 3,000 under the Vernacular Press Act. It was sheer tyranny to demand Rs 3,000 from a press, worth little more than Rs 50.
However , he founded the TazkiratushShu’rain place of the Urdu-e-maulla.
Urdu Literature • The other side of Maulana Hasrat Mohani’s Life was his love for Urdu literature and poetry. • The exceptional qualities of sincerity, forbearance, fearlessness, perseverance, patience and contentment, which the jail life had developed in his character, are profoundly reflected in his poetry.
He had left behind him ten volumes of poetical works. • The best part of his contribution to Urdu poetry was composed in jail, wherefrom each time when he was released, he used to bring out a volume of Urdupoems. • He was the founder of modern Urdulyrics. • He emphasized on depth of feelings and sincerity of thoughts, with the result that Urdu lyrics had become a mixture of unnatural and artificial picture of human life.
He founded new school of Urdu lyrics whose aim is to depict the true human sentiments and reactions to his environments. • He is the true product of his time.
WRITING STYLE OF HASRAT MOHANI • The writing style of Mohani was mostly emphasized on depth of feelings and sincerity of thoughts. • His main attributes are purity of thoughts, simplicity of diction. • His poetry is mainly subjective and he has tried to avoid the objective color, which had crept into the work of Urdu Lyrist of Lucknow.
Like Mir, Hasrat, too passed a life of despair and anxiety, hence there is a spiritual connection between the two and the work of both reflect deep pathos. • His poetry was mostly composed in jail which developed sincerity, fearlessness, perseverance, and patience in his character and is reflected in his poetry. • His verses are full of revolutionary thought, reactions and national aspiration of a person whose life was so stormy.
The Maulana was asked to disclose the name of the author of “British Policy in Egypt” published in Urdu-e-Maulla, but he declined to do so and preferred to undergo one year's rigorous imprisonment plus Rs 500 as fine. • He raised his solitary voice in favour of freedom of the press when people shuddered even to utter a word against the Government, and the Congress leaders used to pass resolutions in support of British rule in India. • The Maulanawas perhaps the first political prisoner in British India convicted under the Press Laws.
He had to undergo rigorous imprisonment and was not treated as a luxurious "A" Class Prisoner, but like ordinary criminal convicts. • He was given the following garments for his use in the jail: a knickers, a shirt, a cap, a piece of jute cloth and a rough dirty blanket for his bedding. A big iron cup was supplied for eating and for other necessities. • In order to realize the fine, the Magistrate confiscated the valuable books and rare manuscripts of his library and auctioned them for a paltry sum. These books were his only earthly wealth.
He was kept in solitary confinement and had to grind one mound of wheat per day which is not an easy task and requires much physical labour to which the Maulana was totally unaccustomed. He was, whipped for any loss of wheat which was sometimes deliberately stolen by his wards. • His body bore the marks of whipping inflicted in jail. The Maulana wrote in his "Urdu-i-Mualla" that, in the beginning, he really felt the cruelty of jail life and was much distressed by his inadequate clothing and lack of proper arrangement for ablution which served as great obstacles in offering his prayers.
After sometimes, he was habituated to this sort of life and he realized that bliss lies not in multiplicity of wants but in their negation and was thankful to God for all his trials and tribulations. • He was trained to lead a simple life, free of wants, which steeled his character and gave him courage to live up to his convictions and raised his voice in support of truth. It was the first trial of the Maulana. • His very life was a struggle against the forces of evil.
For the Palestine Cause:Palestine Conference, Cairo, Egypt. 1938.
He propagated the boycott of Italian goods during the War whereupon his poor (small) press was called upon to submit a security of Rs 3,000 by the Government of Sir James Meston. He had to close his magazine and start another one named "Tazkira-i-Shu`araa" (History of Poets). • In 1916, he was again sent to jail for two years under the Safety Act. He was put to greatest hardships during this term. His pair of spectacles was confiscated, none was allowed to see him and he had to grind wheat throughout the holy month of Ramadhaan.
During his imprisonment, he was unnecessarily transferred to dozens of places and at one place he was given very dirty clothes to wear. He was taken in chains from one place to another. • It was he alone who had the courage to face the fanaticism of the Hindu community drunk with power after the birth of Pakistan. • He actually lived up to his convictions and professions. A person who had withstood the combined assault of British Imperialism and Hindu extremism in the early twenties of the present century.
Ambedkar with Maulana Hasrat Mohani at Sardar Patel’s reception in 1949
He stood like a rock against the storm of Hindu communalism which was let loose on the helpless Muslims after the division of India. • He was conscious of the dangers to Muslims inherent in the Indian society after the blood bath of August 1947, but like a true Muslim he stuck to his post and resolved to face the calamities with courage and perseverance. • He was confronted with a dangerous task did not shirk to face them again.
Hasrat was a true Muslim. His greatest virtue was that he was a gentleman in the real sense of the word. • As a man, his chief attributes were simplicity, sincerity, truth, fearlessness, straightforwardness, forbearance, and contentment. • Amongst the politicians and poets of our times, he had the rare distinction of living up to his convictions.
