FINAL EXAM

1. **It would be easy to simply flip through this powerpoint as you fill in your TEST REVIEW SHEET** If you print it out, use HANDOUT format—6 Slides per page! (saves paper and is easier to study from) FINAL EXAM Test Review

2. Greek Legacy • Considered foundation of Western Civilization • Developed Direct Democracy • Did not rely on superstition • Developed 3-branches of Government • Heavily influenced the Romans

3. ROMAN EMPIRE Rules Europe for 1,000 years! Established 1st Republic Embraced Written Law AdoptedChristianity Had written language(Latin) Collapses in 476 CE Middle Ages follow rule of Rome:500-1200 CE

4. Renaissance/Reformation

5. Middle Ages • Collapse of Roman Empire: • Marks start of Middle Ages (500-1200) • Leads to eventual formation of 47 new countries • Allows the Roman Catholic Church to rise in power • Begins a period of “cultural” decline

6. End of the Middle Ages • Europe suffered through both war and plague • The Black Death (bubonic plague) killed 1/3rd of the population in Europe [1300-1350]

7. Development of the Renaissance1300-1600 The Middle Ages Trade Expands Merchants gain wealth/power City-States develop Individualism Secularism Humanism New “modern” society

8. Renaissance Italy • Key Historical changes: • Social: • Economic: • Cultural: • Religious: • Political: • Increased city living • Increased Trade & Banking • New focus on art & literature • Less focus on “afterlife” • Merchant class gained power

10. The Reformation Begins • The 95 Theses unleashed a revolution • Luther did not want to split with the church • He only wanted to start a debate • He was VERY surprised by the revolution

11. End Result of Reformation • Protestant Churches flourish • Religion no longer united Europe • Monarchs and States gained power • Paved way for the Nation-State

12. Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

13. Occurred in ASTRONOMY Old Belief:Geocentric Theory Copernicus develops heliocentric theory 1st Challenge to old Science Copernicus Why was Copernicus Scared?

14. Galileo Galilei Supported & expanded work of Copernicus

15. The Enlightenment • What:1600’s marks the beginning of intellectual period known as the Enlightenment • Reached peak in mid-1700’s • Importance:Enlightenment raised new ideas which helped launch theFrench&American Revolutions • Why:Developed from the ideas of Scientific Revolution

16. The Philosophes • French word for Philosopher • Reached height in France during 1700’s • They were social critics who applied reason and logic to life….

17. Concepts of Philosophes Reason Truth could be discovered through reason and logic Nature natural laws of both politics & economics Happiness live by nature’s laws Progress believed you could perfect society Liberty Believed in personal freedom

18. “Man is born free yet everywhere he is in chains” Rousseau Montesquieu “Power should be a check to power” John Locke “all men have certain natural rights: The right to life, liberty and property”

19. FRENCH REVOLUTION

20. The Old Regime • Remained from the system of feudalism(Middle Ages) • People of France were divided into estates. • The estates were known as: • 1st, 2nd & 3rd Estates

21. The Three Estates of France

22. Platform for Revolution • Enlightenment Ideas • Unfair Estate System • Economic Woes of France • Weak Leadership of Louis XVI

23. Reign of Terror • 1-Year in Length • July 1793-July 1794 • 3,000 executed in Paris • Marie Antoinette executed • Up to 40,000 total

24. The Directory • July 1794 Robespierre executed • People are tired of the Terror • National Assembly forms a new body called The Directory • This body puts Napoleon in charge of the Army

25. 3 Mistakes of Napoleon • The Continental System • 1806 • The Peninsular War • 1808 • The Invasion of Russia • 1812

26. Congress of Vienna • Leaders of Austria, Prussia, Russia & Great Britain • Europewanted long lasting peace • feared more war (French aggression) • Congress was supposed to last 4-weeks • it lasted 8 months

27. A Weaker France • Wanted France weaker, not destroyed • Kept original borders from 1790 • Goal was to create peace & balance in Europe • Constitutional Monarchies ruled in both Britain & France

28. Industrial Revolution

29. Industrialization Changes Society • Living in cities vs. countryside • Created a new family structure • Initially, led to large scale human suffering

30. 1750-1850 Agricultural Revolution A Chain Reaction Increased Food Production Population Explosion Movement to Cities Factories: a new way to work New family structure New Economic Rules

31. Some Good News: Working conditions slowly improved Life expectancy increased

32. Two views of Economics Karl Marx Wrote the Communist Manifesto [1848] Proposed Government control of the economy Adam Smith Wrote the Wealth of Nations [1776] Father of Free Market Economics or Capitalism

33. Imperialism

34. Europe 1815-1860 • Slowly develop modern day borders • Nationalism controls boundaries & governments • Lines of east vs. west develop • Italy & Germany unite into Nation States

35. Nationalism • Loyalty not to a King or an Empire • Loyalty to a Nation that share a common culture, language, history, etc…

36. Nationalism New Nation States formed New Balance of Power Industrialized countries compete More colonies offer wealth/power

37. Imperialism • Had existed since 15th century • Industrialization created a larger need for Imperialism • 1870-1914 became increased focus for Industrialized countries(called “New” imperialism)

38. Motives for Imperialism • Economic • Political • Ideological- (social Darwinism) • Religious • Exploratory

39. World War I

40. New “Modern” War • Poison Gas • Machine Gun • Airplanes • Tanks • Submarines

41. 4 Causes of World War I M.A.I.N. • Militarism • Alliances • Imperialism • Nationalism

42. The Powder Keg Explodes • Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Bosnia • June 12th, 1914 • He was assassinated by a Serbian • Austria-Hungary uses this to punish Serbia

43. Western Front • The Schlieffen Plan worked well at first: • swept through Belgium • STALEMATE occurred on Western Front • Russia attacks on Eastern Front

44. Eastern Front Warfare Russia’s difficult fight • Russia army was LARGE but poorly equipped • Shortage of food, guns and ammunition • Kept Germany busy by accepting huge casualties • 1916 reduces war effort & 1917 exits war • Face Civil War at home • Vladimir Lenin Signs Peace Treaty with Germany 1918 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: greatly reduces size of Russia

45. War in Ottoman Empire • Allies were desperate to end the stalemate • Gallipoli Campaign Strategy:large attack on the Gallipoli peninsula which will open a supply line to Russia • Result: Allies are defeated & suffer 250,000 casualties • British, French, Australian & New Zealand troops fight

46. Zimmerman Telegram • What: German telegram promising support to Mexico in a War against the U.S. • Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany[April 2nd 1917] President Woodrow Wilson

47. War on the Western Front The Final Battle • Germany places all effort into the Western Front • A SECOND Battle of the Marne River occurs • 2-million fresh American Troops help overpower German soldiers • Allies steadily march into Germany • Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918:

48. The Central Powers Crumble Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down Surrender Internal Revolution Empire Ends Germany declared Republic

49. Total

50. Paris Peace Conference • 4 leaders meet at Versailles • Each leader wanted something different • Germany was NOT invited