410 likes | 429 Views
Explore the structure, composition, and classification of orthosilicates like olivine and inosilicates such as pyroxenes and amphiboles, including detailed information on their crystal shapes, cleavage properties, and composition variations.
E N D
Orthosilicates • Isolated tetrahedron • Common examples • Olivine, garnet, and zircon • Al2SiO5 polymorphs, staurolite, topaz, titanite • Oxygen coordinate with other anions
Olivine Composition • Complete solid solution between forsterite (Mg) and fayalite (Fe) • Mn end members as well – rare • Ca can be around 50% of cations, still has Fe-Mg solid solution • Fe and Mg contents cause variations in physical properties • Can be used to identify composition • Zoning can be common
Fig. 16.2 2Vx Index of Refraction Birefringence Specific gravity d spacing (130) Forsterite Fayalite
Structure and composition • Two distinct sites for cations: • M1 = distorted, so smaller than M2 • M2 = regular octahedron • Controls distribution of cations • M2 only site for Ca, 1.12 Å, also may hold Fe and Mg • M1 and M2 • both Fe = 0.78 Å and Mg = 0.72 Å
If sufficient Ca present when olivine forms, all M2 sites filled with Ca. Ca = 50 mole % Fe + Mg = 50 mole % Distorted, small site, Ca will not fit
Ca Fe Mg
Olivine – solid solution at high T (Plagioclase – 1553 to 1118 C)
Inosilicates (chain) • Common Fe/Mg – bearing silicates • Two common groups • Pyroxenes: single chains • Amphiboles: double chains • Pyroxenes are common in MORB • Amphiboles more common on continents because of weathering
Pyroxene group • General formula: XYZ2O6 • Z/O ratio = 1/3 • Z cations usually Si, occasionally Al • Single chain extend along c axis • Chains are stacked along a axis, alternating: • Base faces base • Apex faces apex
View down c axis View down a axis Fig. 14-1 Two distinct sites, depending on location relative to chains M1 and M2 Plus tetrahedral sites Base facing base Apex facing Apex
XYZ2O6 • Z/O ratio 1/3 • X cations in M2 sites • Between bases of tetrahedrons • Distorted 6- and 8- fold coordination • Depends on stacking and the size of the cations • Y cations in M1 sites • 6-fold coordination between apical oxygen
“I-beams” • Consist of two chains connected by Y cations • Located in M1 sites • Closeness of apical oxygen and 6-fold coordination make bonds strong I-beam T-O-T sandwich Apex pointed at apex
I-beams held together by X cations in M2 site • Coordination number depends on how chains line up • 6-fold coordination gives orthorhombic symmetry – Orthopyroxenes or OPX • 8-fold coordination gives monoclinic symmetry – Clinopyroxenes or CPX
Crystal shapes • Blocky prisms, nearly square • Elongate along c axis • Cleavage controlled by I-beams • Cleavage typically between 87º and 93º • Only when viewed down the c axis • Mineral grain must be cut parallel to (001)
Fig. 14-1 I beams – tightly bonded Weak zones between faces of I beams Weak planes between “I beams” = cleavage Looking down c axis Cleavage angles are 87º and 93º
C C Cleavage angle depends on orientation of cut of crystal Crystallographic and optical axes align C crystallographic axis at 32 to 42º angle to the Z optical axis Pigeonite – CPX - Monoclinic OPX - Orthorhombic
Classification • Based on two linked things • Composition: which cations occurs in M2 sites (facing bases of tetrahedron) • Symmetry: determined by composition • Most plot on ternary diagram with apices: • Wollastonite, Wo (Ca2+) • Enstatite, En (Mg2+) • Ferrosilite, Fe (Fe2+)
Three major groups • Orthopyroxenes (opx) – orthorhombic • Ca-poor clinopyroxenes (cpx) – monoclinic • Ca-rich clinopyroxenes (cpx) – monoclinic • The amount of Ca in the mineral controls the crystal system, symmetry, and extinction angle
Orthopyroxenes: Fe and Mg, but little Ca • Both M1 and M2 are octahedral • Larger Fe ion more concentrated in M2 site • These minerals are the enstatite –ferrosilite solid solution series
Low-Ca clinopyroxene: more Ca, but no solid solution with Hi-Ca clinopyroxene • Mineral species is Pigeonite • Ca restricted to M2 sites, these still mostly Fe and Mg • M1 sites all Mg and Fe
Ca- clinopyroxene • Diopside Mg(+Ca) to Hedenbergite Fe (+Ca) • M2 site contains mostly Ca • M1 site contains mostly Fe and Mg • Most common specie is augite • Al can substitute in M1 site, and for Si in tetrahedral site • Na, Fe or Mg can substitute for Ca in M2 site
Other common pyroxenes • Don’t fall neatly on Ca-Fe-Mg ternary diagram: • Jadeite NaAlSi2O6 • Spodumene LiAlSi2O6
Possible ranges of solid solutions Fig. 14-2 “Augite” Clinopyroxene Orthopyroxenes Na,Al – bearing pyroxenes
Amphibole Group • Structure, composition, and classification similar to pyroxenes • Primary difference is they are double chains • Z/O ratio is 4/11
Structure • Chains extend parallel to c axis • Stacked in alternating fashion like pyroxenes • Points face points and bases face bases
Fig. 14-12 • Chains are linked by sheets of octahedral sites • Three unique sites: M1, M2, and M3 • Octahedral layer between apical oxygen Shared O shared between tetrahedron O not shared with tetrahedron OH-
TOT layers • Two T layers (tetrahedral layers with Z ions) • Intervening O layer (octahedron) with M1, M2, and M3 sites • Form “I-beams” similar to pyroxenes I-beam T-O-T sandwich Fig. 14-12
Geometry produces six different structure sites • M1, M2, and M3 between points of chains • M4 and A sites between bases of chains • Tetrahedral site Fig. 14-12
Bonds at M4 and A sites weaker than bonds within “I-beams” • Cleavage forms along the weak bonds • “I-beams” wider than pyroxenes • Cleavage angles around 56º and 124º Weak planes between “I beams” = cleavage, Looking down c axis Fig. 14-12
Six cation sites: • M1, M2, and M3 between points of chains • M4 and A sites between bases of chains • Tetrahedral site Fig. 14-12
CompositionW0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 • Note: Z/O ratio 4/11 • Each cation fits a particular site • W cation • Occurs in A site • Has ~10 fold coordination • Generally large, usually Na+
W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 • X cations • Located in M4 sites • Analogous to M2 sites in pyroxenes • Have 6 or 8 fold coordination depending on arrangement of chains • If 8-fold, X usually Ca • If 6-fold, X usually Fe or Mg
W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 • Y cations • Located in M1, M2, and M3 sites; Octahedral cations in TOT strips • Similar to M1 sites in pyroxenes • Usually Mg, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al • Z cations • Usually Si and Al
W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 • Water – hydrous phase • Form from magma that contains water • Form from weathering of pyroxenes at surface
Composition • Most common amphiboles shown on ternary diagram • Wide variety of substitution, simple and coupled • Divided into ortho and clino amphiboles • Depends on X cations in M4 site (largely amount of Ca), distorts structure • Reduces symmetry from orthorhombic to monoclinic
W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 Fig. 14-13 Tremolite Ferroactinolite ~30% Ca exactly 2/7 of sites available for Ca Grunerite Monoclinic Anthophylite Orthorhombic
Pyroxenoid Group • Similar to pyroxenes • Single chains • Z/O ratio 1/3 • Differ in repeat distance along c axis • Pyroxene – 2 tetrahedron repeat (5.2 Å) • Pyroxenoid – 3 or more repeat (more than 7.3 Å) • Difference is the pyroxenes are straight pyroxenoids are kinked • Cased by larger linking cations
Pyroxenes Rhodenite - Mn Wollastonite - Ca
Only a few minerals • Most common have Ca, Mn, or Ca plus Na filling the M1 and M2 sites • Wollastonite – Ca, fairly common, metamorphosed qtz and carbonate systems • Rhodonite – Mn • Pectolite – Ca and Na
Wollastonite • Composition: Ca with some Mn and Fe substitution • Common in altered carbonate rocks, particularly with reaction with qtz • Useful industrial mineral, replacing asbestos, also used in paints and plastics