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Pharmacology of Veterinary Herbal Medicine (PHA-151) 4 th Lecture

Pharmacology of Veterinary Herbal Medicine (PHA-151) 4 th Lecture. Dr Khaled Abo EL-Sooud Prof. of Veterinary Pharmacology Faculty of Vet. Med. Cairo University. SAPONINS.

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Pharmacology of Veterinary Herbal Medicine (PHA-151) 4 th Lecture

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  1. Pharmacology of Veterinary Herbal Medicine (PHA-151) 4th Lecture Dr Khaled Abo EL-Sooud Prof. of Veterinary Pharmacology Faculty of Vet. Med. Cairo University

  2. SAPONINS Definition:Secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in plants of agricultural importance, particularly legumes. Many of these legumes are staple items of the human diet

  3. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF SAPONINS • When saponins are shaken in aqueous solutions, they form soap-like foaming. • Hemolytic effects on red blood cells, • Cholesterol-binding properties, • Bitter taste.

  4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAPONINS Saponins consist of an AGLYCONE unit linked to one or more carbohydrate chains. The aglycone (glycoside-free) portions of the saponins are termed SAPOGENIN.

  5. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SAPONINS The aglycone or sapogenin unit consists of either a STEROL or the more common TRITERPENE unit. In both the steroid and triterpenoid saponins, the carbohydrate side chain is usually attached to the 3 carbon of the sapogenin.

  6. Sterol (Steroid) nucleus

  7. BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF SAPONINS Prevent Atherosclerosis Saponins inhibit cholesterol absorption by: • affecting cholesterol solubilisation in the intestinal lumen, • interfering with diffusion of luminal cholesterol to the gut epithelium • inhibiting molecular mechanisms responsible for cholesterol uptake by the enterocyte. Cholesterol content is subsequently reduced

  8. Sources of Saponins While the main dietary sources of saponins are legumes (soybeans, chickpeas, mungbeans, peanuts, broad beans, kidney beans, lentils), they are also present in oats, allium species (leek, garlic), asparagus, tea, spinach, sugarbeet, and yam fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), liquorice (Glycyrrhiza species

  9. EFFECTS ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CHOLESTEROL LEVELS Saponin in the diet of chicks has been reported to reduce plasma cholesterol in cholesterol-fed animals. In the digestive tract, saponins form mixed micelles with cholesterol and bile salts; their hydrophobic triterpeneor steroid groups stack together like smallpiles of coins. These micelles are then too large topass through the intestinal wall.

  10. Anticancer Saponins from some plants have significantly augment the cytotoxicity against human cancer cells. Their uses in patients with leukemia, lymphoma and other cancers are under research.

  11. Vaccine adjuvants Saponins have also been used as adjuvant in vaccines, to stimulate both the Th1 immune response and the production of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) against exogenous antigens. This makes them ideal for use in subunit vaccines and vaccines directed against intracellular pathogens as well as for therapeutic cancer vaccines but with the aforementioned side-effects of hemolysis.

  12. Nutritional uses Some plant saponins (e.g. from oat and spinach) may enhance nutrient absorption and aid in animal digestion. However, saponins are often bitter to taste, and so can reduce plant palatability (e.g., in livestock feeds), or even stop them with life-threatening animal toxicity. In plants, saponins may serve as anti-feed ants, and to protect the plant against microbes and fungi.

  13. Use in animal feeding Saponins are used widely for their effects on ammonia production in animal feeding. The mode of action seems to be an inhibition of the urease enzyme, which splits up excreted urea in feces into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Animal trials have shown that a reduced ammonia level in farming operations causes less damages to the respiratory tract of animals, and may help to make them less susceptible to diseases

  14. Saponins Toxicity Saponins are between 10 and 1000 times more toxic when administered INTRAVENOUSLY than when given ORALLY. Destruction of saponins in the digestive tract of both ruminants and monogastric animals has been observed. Since saponin in the cecum is past the major sites of absorption, the release of sapogenins and sugars is considered to be insignificant. Most saponins, which readily dissolve in water, are poisonous to fish.

  15. Tests for detection Froth Test Aqueous extract was shaken vigorouslyin a test tube. Theformation of foam standing for a timeindicates a positive result. The positive result shows a honeycomb froth that is higher than 2 cm that persists for 10 minutes or longer.

  16. Tests for detection Mercurous chloride test Five milliliters of aqueous extract of the plant was added to 1-3 drops of 3% mercurous chloride solution, a white precipitate was developed which indicates a positive result

  17. Blood Agar Media (BAM) hemolysis Is an agar cup semi-quantitative method that shows positive result of hemolytic features. Test

  18. http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=kasooud/

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