RESEARCH TOOL & DATA COLLECTION METHOD

1. RESEARCH TOOL & DATA COLLECTION METHOD www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com -VIPIN PATIDAR

2. Introduction • Tools are instruments used to collect information for performance assessments, self-evaluations, and external evaluations. • Tools need to be strong enough to support what the evaluations find during research. • Depending on the nature of the information to be gathered, different instruments are used to conduct the assessment forms for gathering data. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

3. Definition of Tool: • It is a testing device for measuring a given event, such as , a questionnaire, an interview or a set of guidelines or checklist for observation. • It is an instrument or machine that aids in accomplishing a task. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

4. Meaning of Research tools: Research tools are: • the Instruments used for the purpose of data collection, • are measurable and observable for data analysis & interpretation • constructed by researcher according to objectives. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

5. Principles for Construction of Research Tool: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

6. DEFINITION OF DATA Data collection is a systematic process of collecting detail information about desire objective from selected sample under controlled settings. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

7. Data Collection: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

8. Primary data collection: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

9. contd…….. • These data collection tools: • allow for a true measurement of accuracy and let the researcher obtain any unspoken observations about the participants while conducting research. • E.g. Socio-economic surveys, studies related to rural or tribal communities, nursing research, hospital management studies, knowledge awareness practice studies etc. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

10. Secondary data collection: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

11. Methods of Data Collection: • Method refers to the way of gathering data, a tool is an instrument used for the method. (1) observation method (2) interview method (3) Questionnaire (4) physiological measurement www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

12. One or more methods has/have to be chosen. The choice of a method depends upon the following factors: • The nature of the study of the subject-matter. • The unit of enquiry. • The size and spread of the sample. • Scale of the survey. • The educational level of respondents. • The type and depth of information to be collected. • The availability of skilled and trained manpower. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

13. 1) Observation Technique: • One of the basic method and oldest method. • Data is obtained by investigator own direct observation without asking from the respondent. • If observation is systematically planned and recorded can be used to checked for their validity and reliability. • Assessed through senses with or without mechanical devices. • Commonly used for behavioral studied. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

14. Types of Observation Technique: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

15. Instruments/ Tools for observation method: • Field notes • Anecdotes • Checklist www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

16. Advantages & Disadvantages of Observation Technique: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

17. 2) Interview Method • The interview method of collecting of data involves presentation of oral stimuli and reply in terms of oral response. • It can be used through personal interviews and if possible, through telephone interview www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

18. Classification 2.1. Personal interview Structured Unstructured Focused Clinical Non-directive 2.2. Telephonic interview www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

19. 2.1 Personal interviews: • Asking question generally in a face to face to collect the information. • The sort of investigation may be in the form of direct personal investigation or may be indirect . www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

20. a) Structured interview: Involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and of highly standardized techniques of recording. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

21. b) Unstructured interviews: • Flexibility of approach to questioning. • It doesn’t follow a system of predetermined questions and standardized techniques of recording information. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

22. c) Focused interview: • To focus attention on the given experience of the respondent and its effects. d) Clinical interview: • it is concerned with broad underlying feelings of individual's life experience. e) Non-directive interview: • encourage the respondent to talk about the given topic with a bare minimum of direct questioning www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

23. II. Telephone interview: • collecting information consists in contacting respondents on telephone. Advantage: • It is more flexible in comparison to mailing method • It is faster than other methods • Recall is easy, call back are simple and economical Disadvantage: • Shortage of time for respondents to reply • Restricted to respondents who have telephone facilities www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

24. 3) QUESTIONNAIRE: • It comprises a series of questions prepared by the researcher that are answered and filled by all the respondent. • This is usually popular self report or self-administered method. • It commonly used to get demographic data. • It allow the collection of larger data from large no. of sample quickly and inexpensively. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

25. Structure of Question: www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

26. Advantages • Can be posted, e-mailed or faxed. • Can cover a large number of people or organizations. • Wide geographic coverage. • Relatively cheap. • No prior arrangements are needed. • Respondent can consider responses. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

27. Disadvantages: • Design problems. • Questions have to be relatively simple. • Time delay, waiting for responses to be returned. • Require a return deadline. • Several reminders may be required. • Assumes no literacy problems. • No control over who completes it. • Not possible to give assistance if required. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

28. Types of closed ended question • Dichotomous questions • Multi choice questions • Cafeteria questions • Rank order questions • Rating scale • Checklist • Visual analogue scales[VAS] www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

29. A. Dichotomous questions It makes the respondent to make a choice between two responses such as “Yes/No” “Male/Female” E.g. Have you been hospitalized? www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

30. B. Multi-choice questions • It offers more than two response alternatives • Graded alternatives are preferable for opinion or attitude questions that give more information • E.g. how important is to you to avoid a pregnancy at this time • Extremely important • Very important • Somewhat important • Not at all important www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

31. C. Cafeteria questions • These are special type of MCQ that ask respondents to select a respondent’s response that most closely corresponds to their view. E.g. People have different opinion or attitude about use of estrogen replacement therapy for women in menopause, which of the following statements best represents our joint view? • Estrogen replacement is dangerous and should be banned • Estrogen replacement has some side effects that suggest need for caution • I am undecided about view of Estrogen replacement therapy • Estrogen replacement has many beneficial effects www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

32. D. Rank-order questions • It asks respondents to rank target concept along some continuum such as most favorable or most to least important. • Respondents are asked to mark 1,2,3,4…. According to their importance and their should not be more than10 alternatives • E.g. people value different things about life. Below is a list of principles or ideas that are often cited when people are asked to name things they value most by putting 1,2,3.etc. • Achievement and success • Family relationship • Health • Money • Religion www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

33. F. Rating scale • It asks the respondent to judge something along an order dimension. e.g. How satisfied are you with the nursing care during your hospitalization? Extremely dissatisfied Extremely satisfied 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

34. G. Visual analog scale • It is useful for assessing perception of physic stimuli such as pain, sleep, quality and shortness of breath. • Advantage • It is easy to develop for researcher. • Widest possibility range of expression. • Disadvantage • It includes concern with reliability and validity. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

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36. 4) Physiological measurement: • It can be classified as In Vivo and In Vitro. • In Vivo includes measurements of those which are performed directly within or living organisms themselves; such as blood flow determination through radiography, IVP, cholecystography. • An In Vitro measurement by contrast is performed outside the organism’s body, such as blood glucose, blood urea, serum Na+, K+. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

37. Physiological measurement can also be classified as listed below: • Physical measurement – Temperature, volume, pressure, electrical measures. • Chemical measurements – hormones levels, sugar, urea, Hb%, potassium level, etc. • Microbiological measurement – bacterial counts and identification. • Anatomical and Cytological measurement – X-rays, tissue biopsies, tomography, CAT scan, etc. www.vipinpatidar.wordpress.com

38. Thank you www.vipinpatidar.wordress.com