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A Brief History of Microprocessors

Explore key microprocessors from 8080 to Pentium Pro, their features, and impact on computing history. Learn about CPU architecture, registers, and technological advancements.

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A Brief History of Microprocessors

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  1. A Brief History of Microprocessors Lecture L11.0 Sections 1.1, 9.1

  2. Some Microprocessors • Intel 4004 • Intel 8080 • Motorola 6800 • MOS Technology 6502 • Intel 8088/8086 • Motorola 6809 • Motorola 68000 • Intel Pentium

  3. A Typical Computer System

  4. The 8080 Microprocessor • 40-pin chip • Developed by Intel in 1974 • 16 Address Lines • Can address 216 = 64 Kbytes of memory • 8 Data Lines • Required +5V, +12V and -5V • First microprocessor to become widely used

  5. The 8080 Microprocessor Program Status Word Primary Accumulator Secondary Accumlators/ Data Counters Stack Pointer Program Counter PSW A B C D E H L SP PC

  6. The 6800 Microprocessor • 40-pin chip • Developed by Motorola in 1975 • 16 address lines and 8 data lines • Used only +5V

  7. The 6800 MicroprocessorRegisters Accumulator A Accumulator B Index register X Program counter Stack pointer Condition code register A B X PC SP CC

  8. The 6502 Microprocessor • 40-pin chip • Developed by MOS Technology, Inc. in 1976 • 16 address lines and 8 data lines • Based on the Motorola 6800 • Used in many home computers including the • Apple II • Commodore PET • Atari

  9. The 6502 MicroprocessorRegisters Accumulator Index register X Index register Y Program counter Stack pointer Status register A X Y PC SP Status

  10. The 8088/8086 Microprocessor • 40-pin chip • Developed by Intel in 1978 • 20 address lines • Can address 220 = 1 Mbyte of memory • 8/16 multiplexed data lines in 8088/8086 • 8088 used in the first IBM PC in 1981

  11. 8086 Registers

  12. Segment address Offset address Actual address 4B49 + 492D 4FDBD Computing 20-Bit Address 16-bit segment address 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 16-bit offset address + 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 20-bit actual or effective address

  13. 8086 Segments Segment address Offset addresses within segment

  14. The 6809 Microprocessor • 40-pin chip • Developed by Motorola in 1979 • 16 address lines and 8 data lines • Used in the Radio Shack Color Computer • Widely used in industrial controllers

  15. The 6809 MicroprocessorRegisters Accumulator A:B = D Index register X Index register Y System stack pointer User stack pointer Program counter Direct page register Condition code register A B X Y S U PC DP CC

  16. The 68000 Microprocessor • 64-pin chip • Developed by Motorola in 1979 • 24 address lines • Can address 224 = 16 Mbytes of memory • 16 data lines • Used in the original Macintosh Computer

  17. The 68000 MicroprocessorRegisters 31 16 15 8 7 0 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 Data Registers 31 16 15 0 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A7’ Address Registers Program Counter Status/CCR

  18. 1981 IBM PC , uses Intel 8088 1982 Motorola 68010 1982 Motorola 68008 1984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors 1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses Integrated Microcontroller 1985 Motorola 68HC11 1986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz 1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors 1987 Motorola 68030 1988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz 1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors 1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz 1992 Intel Pentium 4,000,000 Transistors 1997 Motorola 68HC12 Enhanced 68HC11

  19. Intel Microprocessors • 8086 -- 40-pin DIP (dual in-line package) • 80286 -- 68-pin PGA (pin grid array) • 80386DX -- 132-pin PGA • 80486DX -- 168-pin PGA • The Pentium -- 237-pin PGA • The Pentium Pro -- 387-pin PGA

  20. 80486DX -- 168-pin PGA

  21. Some Intel Microprocessors

  22. The 8086 - Pentium Pro Registers

  23. The Segment Register in the Protected Mode

  24. The Descriptor Formats Base address = starting location of memory segment Limit = last offset address in segment G = granularity bit G = 0: Limit is length of 1 to 1M bytes G = 1: Limit is any multiple of 4K bytes Note: 220 x 4K = 220 x 212 = 232 = 4G bytes

  25. DS register accesses memory locations 100000H-1000FFH

  26. 1981 IBM PC , uses Intel 8088 1982 Motorola 68010 1982 Motorola 68008 1984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors 1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses Integrated Microcontroller 1985 Motorola 68HC11 1986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz 1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors 1987 Motorola 68030 1988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz 1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors 1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz 1992 Intel Pentium 4,000,000 Transistors 1997 Motorola 68HC12 Enhanced 68HC11

  27. The 68HC11/12 ROM/ RAM CPU EEPROM EPROM 68HC11/12 A/D TIMER PARALLEL SPI SCI I/O

  28. The 68HC12(11) Registers

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