What You’ll Learn

1. What You’ll Learn 1. Explain the mind-body connection. 2. Outline guidelines for expressing emotions in healthful ways. 3. Discuss hidden anger, anger cues, and anger-management skills. 4. Explain the bodily changes caused by stress during each of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.

2. What You’ll Learn 5. Explain ways that prolonged stress can affect health. 6. Identify life changes that are most stressful for teens. 7. List and discuss stress-management skills.

3. Key Terms • emotion • mind-body connection • psychosomatic disease • hidden anger • hostility • serotonin • anger-management skills • stress • general adaptation syndrome (GAS) • stress-management skills

4. The Mind-Body Connection • An emotion is a specific feeling. • What you think and feel can affect what happens to your body, and what happens in your body can affect how you think and feel.

5. What to Know About the Mind-Body Connection • The mind-body connection is the relationship between a person’s thoughts, emotions, and bodily responses. • A psychosomatic disease is a physical illness or disorder that is caused or aggravated by emotional responses.

6. Expressing Emotions in Healthful Ways • There are five guidelines for expressing emotions in healthful ways.

7. Expressing Emotions in Healthful Ways 1.Identify the emotion. 2.Identify the source of the emotion. 3. Decide whether or not you need to respond right away. 4.Choose a responsible and healthful response. 5.Protect your health.

8. Angry Feelings • Anger is the feeling of being irritated or annoyed. • An anger trigger is a thought or event that causes a person to become angry. • An anger cue is a body change that occurs when a person is angry.

9. What to Know About Hidden Anger and Hostility • Hidden anger is anger that is not recognized and is expressed in inappropriate ways. • Hostility is a chronic state of anger. • Hostility is a physical state that places the body at greater risk of developing severe illness. • Serotonin is a chemical that is involved in controlling states of consciousness and mood.

10. What to Know About Hidden Anger and Hostility • Teens with hidden anger may express their anger in harmful ways. • Projection is blaming others for actions or events for which they are not responsible. • Displacement is the releasing of anger on someone or something other than the cause of the anger.

11. What to Know About Hidden Anger and Hostility Symptoms of Anger • rapid breathing • increased heart rate • rise in blood pressure • increased sweating from sweat glands in the face • sweaty palms • dryness of the mouth • increased alertness • decreased sensitivity to pain • increased muscle strength as a result of increased availability of blood sugar to the muscles • tensed eyebrows • pursed lips • reddening of the face

12. Anger-Management Skills • Feeling angry is a normal and healthful response to some situations. • Anger-management skills are healthful ways to control and express anger.

13. How to Use Anger-Management Skills • Keep an anger self-inventory. An anger self-inventory helps you process your anger. • Use self-statements to control anger.Self-statements are words a person can say to himself or herself when experiencing anger triggers and cues. • Use I-messages instead of you-messages. Using you-messages puts the other person on the defensive, potentially escalating a problem.

14. How to Use Anger-Management Skills • Write a letter. Writing a letter to the person or persons with whom you are angry gives you a “time-out” and helps you to think clearly. • Write in a journal. Writing in a journal about anger can help you to keep track of when you feel angry and what you do about it.

15. How to Use Anger-Management Skills • Reduce the effects of anger with physical activity. Vigorous physical activity uses up extra blood sugar that is released into your bloodstream when you are angry. • Use other safe physical actions to blow off steam. Blow off steam in a physical way that will not have harmful consequences for you or others.

16. How to Use Anger-Management Skills • Breathe deeply. Breathing deeply can help you relax before you decide how to deal with your anger. • Keep a sense of humor. Laughing helps reduce the effects of anger cues and can lighten up a situation.

17. How to Use Anger-Management Skills • Rehearse what to do in situations that you know are anger triggers. Think of situations that make you angry and rehearse what you would say and do in these situations to control your anger. • Talk with a parent, guardian, or mentor. Responsible adults can help you process anger and help you decide if your anger is justified or if you are overreacting.

18. Stress • Stress is the response of the body to the demands of daily living. • A source or cause of stress is a stressor. • Eustress is a healthful response to a stressor. • Distress is a harmful response to a stressor.

19. The General Adaptation Syndrome • The general adaptation syndrome, or GAS is a series of body changes that result from stress. • The GAS occurs in three stages: • the alarm stage • the resistance stage • the exhaustion stage

20. The General Adaptation Syndrome • The alarm stage • The alarm stage is the first stage of the GAS in which the body gets ready for quick action. • During this stage, adrenaline—a hormone that prepares the body to react during times of stress or in an emergency—is secreted into the bloodstream. • The alarm stage sometimes is called the fight-or-flight response.

21. The General Adaptation Syndrome • The resistance stage • The resistance stage is the second stage of the GAS in which the body attempts to regain internal balance. • The body is no longer in an emergency state and adrenaline is no longer secreted.

22. The General Adaptation Syndrome • The exhaustion stage • As a result of not being able to handle stress, some people’s bodies are in the alarm stage for long periods of time. • The exhaustion stage is the third stage of the GAS in which wear and tear on the body increase the risk of injury, illness, and premature death.

23. How Stress Affects Health Status • Stress and mental and emotional health • Prolonged stress makes it difficult for you to think clearly and concentrate. • Prolonged stress increases the risk of depression and psychosomatic diseases and makes it difficult to be resilient.

24. How Stress Affects Health Status • Stress and family and social health  • If you experience a stressful home environment or are in stressful relationships, you increase the likelihood that you will become ill. • Stress and growth and development    • Teens who cannot adjust to bodily changes during puberty may choose harmful ways of coping.

25. How Stress Affects Health Status • Stress and nutrition • It is important to eat moderately and regularly when you are stressed to help replenish vitamins in your body. • It is best to moderate consumption of caffeine, salty foods, and sweets because they may promote stress.

26. How Stress Affects Health Status • Stress and personal health and physical activity  • Too much exercise can affect your immune system, which is the body system that helps fight disease. • Stress and alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs • The use of drugs might decrease your ability to cope with stress, likely will compound the problem, and will put you at risk for developing an addiction.

27. How Stress Affects Health Status • Stress and communicable and chronic diseases • Periods of stress might cause the body’s immune system to be suppressed, resulting in lowered resistance to disease. • Stress and consumer and community health  • Boredom, which results from a lack of challenge, is a stressor that may lead people to harmful behaviors.

28. How Stress Affects Health Status • Stress and environmental health • Pollutants—harmful substances in the environment—and noise activate the GAS. • Stress and injury prevention and personal safety • Stress is a major contributing factor in almost all kinds of accidents. • People who are frustrated, aggressive, and angry because of stress in their lives might not be able to concentrate.

30. Stress-Management Skills • Stress-management skills are techniques used to prevent and deal with stressors and to protect one’s health from the harmful effects produced by the stress response.

31. How to Prevent and Deal withStressful Situations • Use responsible decision-making skills. • When a situation is difficult and requires a decision, you will be less stressed if you approach the situation in a logical way. • Keep a time-management plan.  • A time-management plan is a plan that shows how a person will spend time. • Having a time-management plan helps keep you from being overwhelmed.

32. How to Prevent and Deal withStressful Situations • Keep a budget.  • A budget is a plan for spending and saving money. • Knowing your income and expenses keeps you from spending money and regretting it later.

33. How to Prevent and Deal withStressful Situations • Talk with parents, a guardian, a mentor, or other responsible adults.  • Adults can help you explore ways to deal with stressors, evaluate decisions you must make, and provide support, encouragement, and suggestions. • Make sure you have a support network of friends.  • Friends can listen and can share healthful ways they dealt with similar experiences.

34. How to Protect Health During Stressful Periods • Participate in physical activity. • Regular physical activity helps the body regain internal balance during times of stress by using up the extra adrenaline and sugar released during times of stress. • When you are physically fit, the stress response is not as great, your body regains internal balance more easily, and you have improved resistance to disease.

35. How to Protect Health During Stressful Periods • Write in a journal. • Writing in a journal can help you organize your thoughts and feelings, allowing you to review how a stressor is affecting you and learn more about how you cope.

36. How to Protect Health During Stressful Periods • Use breathing techniques. • When you experience a stressor, your body begins the alarm stage of the GAS. • Breathing in deeply through your nose, and then slowly blowing the air out through your mouth will calm you and help stop the alarm stage of the GAS.

37. How to Protect Health During Stressful Periods • Eat a healthful diet. • When you are stressed out, your body uses up an extra supply of vitamins C and D. • Choose foods that are good sources of these vitamins to help replenish your supply. • Reduce your intake of caffeine and decrease your intake of sugar.

38. How to Protect Health During Stressful Periods • Get plenty of rest and sleep. • When you are stressed, your body is working extra hard. • Getting rest and sleep keeps you from becoming too tired.

40. Study Guide 1. Match the following terms and definitions. ___ emotion ___ eustress ___ hostility ___ displacement ___ stress A. a chronic state of anger B. the releasing of anger on someone or something other than the cause of the anger C. a specific feeling, such as anger, happiness, or anxiety D. the response of the body to the demands of daily living E. a healthful response to a stressor C E A B D

41. Study Guide 2. In which stage of the GAS do the following events occur? ___________ pupils constrict ___________ adrenaline is secreted ___________ blood pressure decreases ___________ wear and tear on the body increase risk of illness ___________ heart rate and blood pressure increase resistance alarm resistance exhaustion alarm

42. Study Guide 3. What are five ways to prevent and deal with stressful situations? Five ways to prevent and deal with stressful situations include: 1. Use responsible decision-making skills. 2. Keep a time-management plan. 3. Keep a budget. 4. Talk with parents, a guardian, a mentor, or other responsible adults. 5. Make sure you have a support network of friends.

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44. Lesson Resources Web Quest Project Web Links Self-Check Quiz www.glencoe.com Go to www.glencoe.com to find Health & Wellness Web resources.

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