Emergence Urban Water Supply — Challenges and Experiences

1. Emergence Urban Water Supply — Challenges and Experiences Wenjun Liu, Associate Professor Tsinghua University 13/9, 2006

2. Main Contents • Experiences from Tanshan earthquake • Recent emergence water supply cases • Preparation for emergency water supply Protocols

3. Tanshan Earthquake • 28/7/1976 • Dead: 242,769 • 22 of 38 wells destroyed 9 of 38 wells severely damaged • 204 km pipeline damaged • No source water, no water supply

4. Severe sanitation problems, Tanshan Earthquake • E. coli exceeded the standards ten, hundred and thousand times • No enough disinfection • Outbreak of diarrhea, dysentery and other enteric diseases • 3 to 7 days reached to the peak of cases

5. Emergence water supply and recover to normal, Tanshan Earthquake • Pipeline recovering: (fire hose pipe), steel pipe • Close branch pipe • Supply water by main pipe • Supply water recovered gradually and scatteredly • By 10/10, 1976, whole city was back to normal water supply

6. Experiences, Tanshan Earthquake • Seek new water sources • Disinfection • Supply water by water truck • Supply water recovered gradually and scatteredly • Repair water supply facilities rapidly

7. Recent Emergence Water Supply Cases • Songhuajiang River, Harbin city (Nitrobenzene, 11/2005) • North River (Cd pollution) (12/2006) • Yiluo Branch of Yellow River (Oil, 1/2006) • Taihu (Algae Pollution, 8/2006) • ….

8. Harbin City Emergence Water Supply • blast of chemical factory • Interruption of water supply 4 days • Nitrobenzene, benzene …. Harbin Songyuan Jilin

9. Harbin City Emergence Water Supply • Temporary drinking water delivery • Bottled water • Water Tank • Well drilling • Research on the best process ofr removal of Nitrobenzene • Engineering and equipment preparation and implementation • Organization and logistics

10. Harbin Emergence Water Supply • Powered activated carbon • Adjust dosing point to significantly increase contact time • Retrofit sand filtration to Carbon-sand filtration

11. Harbin Emergence Water Supply • Successfully recover regular water supply prior to the expected time • Nitrobenzene much below the limited • No secondary pollution occurred

12. National-wide response to handle emergence water sullpy • Organization • Sepa, MOC, MOH… • Technical Manual • National level • City level • Industry level • Engineering and Implementation

13. Water Safety and Water Security • Natural Occurred disasters Earthquake, volcano, hurricane, Tsunami… • Inadvertently Chemical blast, traffic accidents… • Intently Terrorism…

14. Understanding the importance of water safety and security • Improve the standards of source water and drinking water security • Use of advanced water treatment processes • Maintain water security in distribution systems

15. Fully protection of source water • Extend the protection area of source water • Enhance monitoring source water quality • Prepare multiple source water • Build up early-warning system

16. Technical manual for emergence water supply • Determine and understand the susceptible factor of urban water supply system • Establish recognition and categorization system of accidents • Prepare technical manual for local emergence water supply • Establish expert bank

17. Possible solutions • Choose extra water sources • Use multi-water sources and water treatment plants • Protect water treatment systems • Prepare facility for emergence water supply • Store materials for emergence water supply • Train personnel for emergence water supply

18. Special water quality system for emergence water supply • Decrease water quality limits • Reduce water parameters • Use rapid analysis methods

19. Case introduction-Dongguan’s experience • Municipal level emergence water supply protocols • Organizations • Technical manual • Engineering implementation

21. Technical manual

22. Contents of the manual • General information • Property in environment • toxicity • Comparison of different standards • Proposed best removal technology

23. Thanks and questions?