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TODAY

TODAY. Portuguese settlement of Brazil The sugar plantation economies of Brazil & the Caribbean The Atlantic slave trade Post-sugar boom colonial Brazilian economies. Last Time-Questions?. Early Spanish colonial institutions Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns.

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TODAY

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  1. TODAY • Portuguese settlement of Brazil • The sugar plantation economies of Brazil & the Caribbean • The Atlantic slave trade • Post-sugar boom colonial Brazilian economies

  2. Last Time-Questions? • Early Spanish colonial institutions • Spanish Colonial Settlement patterns

  3. Portuguese Brazilian Settlement • Initial Settlement Patterns • State-sized settlements to private entrepreneurs • to extract dye wood “palo brazil” • This initial “capitalistic-like” set up failed by 1540 and all lands re-transferred to the crown

  4. Tordesillas Treaty Line 1494 Initial Settlement

  5. Plantation Sugar in Brazil • Turkish closure of Middle Eastern sugar & decrease in honey production in Europe => huge profits to be had • Plantation sugar system in Brazil ~ 1540s – 1700s (dominates world’s sugar for ~ 200 yrs) • Advanced agro-technology • Excellent agro-ecology • Good access to European markets • Initially Amerindian labor – later African slaves

  6. Brazilian Fazendas • 150-200 laborers • 30 km2 (2-3 miles on a side) • Cane fields • pasture for oxen • plots for slave subsistence • woodlands for fuel • mill complex

  7. Impacts of Brazilian fazenda settlement • Coastal few links inland • Cities of less import initially • Collapse of local Indigenous pops • Huge import of African slaves => helped set racial composition of NE Brazil until today • Ecological impact: deforestation, soil exhaustion

  8. Sugar & Slaves 1500s – 1700s

  9. Caribbean adoption of Brazilian plantation system • Northern European Colonies recreated Brazilian system after 1640 • Similar agro-ecological advantages • Better slave security • Easier transport to Europe • Became the most valuable colonies for each state! • Impacts • Soil depletion • Vast increase in Afro-origin population

  10. Characteristics of plantation ag • Old world plants and techniques • Requires huge land holdings – discourages small holders • Cheap labor needed • Absentee owners or few local owners • Uses best land • Settlement is at plantation not cities • Cultural/spatial/class dualism • Economy is wholly export and dependent on world market • “mining” of resources (soils and timber) => impoverished local areas

  11. African slavery in Brazil and Caribbean • Characteristics • Chronology • Geography • Brazil • Spanish America • Caribbean • Totals • African origins • Decline of slavery after 1800 • Consequences of plantation/slave agriculture

  12. Sugar & Slaves 1500s – 1700s ~ 4.3 million Africans transported as slaves To Brazil

  13. ~ 1.8 m slaves to Spanish colonies ~ 1.7 m slaves to French colonies ~ 2.9 m slaves to English colonies Sugar & Slaves in the Caribbean

  14. SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS

  15. SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS 1492- 1880 • 1492 - 1600 • ~ 1% of all slaves transported • ~ 40% of slaves in this period to Brazil; 60% to the Spanish colonies • early period slave transport ~ 125k • 1600 - 1700 • ~ 14% of all slaves transported • totals transported about 1.3m • ~ 40% to Brazil, 20% to Spanish colonies, 38% to N European Caribbean

  16. SLAVERY IN THE AMERICAS 1492- 1880 II • 1700 – 1810 (peak of slave trade) • ~ 64% of all slaves transported • totals ~ 6 million • North America ~ 6%, British Caribbean ~ 23%, Spanish America ~ 9%, French Caribbean ~ 22%, Brazil ~ 31%, Dutch and Danish Caribbean the rest • 1810 – 1870 • ~ 20% of all slaves transported • totals ~ 1.9m • Brazil 60%, French Caribbean ~ 5%, Spanish America ~ 32%

  17. Consequences of the sugar/slave system • Altered racial makeup • Influenced settlement patterns in Brazil and Caribbean • Influenced labor and social relationships • Influenced land tenure systems: latifundia vs “mini-fundia” • Degraded environment and lost resources

  18. Non-sugar Economy of Colonial Brazil • Tobacco & Cattle • Non-sugar south—Sâo Paulo and slave raiding • Gold Rush at Minas Gerais in late 1600s/early 1700s

  19. Colonial Brazilian Economies Sugar & Slaves 1500s – 1700s Later Settlement Cattle & Tobacco Minas Gerais Sâo Paulo Rio de Janeiro Paulista or Bandeirante Indian Slave raids

  20. Overview of Brazil 1500 — 1800 • Little lasting development: 2 boom/bust cycles; sugar and gold • Much environmental destruction • Set pattern of social values: beef; latifundia • Mixed races with large African component (Black in N; Brown in Center; White in S) • Pop mostly still coastal – 40% in NE; 30% in Minas

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