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Biochemistry – the study of the compounds and processes occurring in living things

Learn about the distribution of subatomic particles, electron configurations, types of bonds, properties of water, and more in biochemistry.

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Biochemistry – the study of the compounds and processes occurring in living things

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  1. Biochemistry – the study of the compounds and processes occurring in living things

  2. Distribution of Subatomic Particles: Protons – Positive Charge (+) Neutrons – Neutral Charge Electrons – Negative Charge (-) *Both protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of the atom *Electrons are located in energy levels or shells around the nucleus

  3. Two Simplified Models of a Helium (He) Atom This model was first proposed by Niels Bohr.

  4. Animations on Atoms and Chemical Bonds http://www.wiley.com/college/test/0471787159/biology_basics/animations/atomsAndChemicalBonds.html

  5. Electron Distribution in Energy Levels: First Level: 2 maximum Second Level: 8 maximum Third Level: 18 maximum

  6. Electron Configurations of the First 18 Elements

  7. TED Talk: Just How Small is an Atom? https://www.ted.com/talks/just_how_small_is_an_atom

  8. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons Examples: Carbon 13 (7 neutrons), Carbon 14 (8 neutrons)

  9. Bond formation and chemical reactions involve the electrons that surround each atom. What types of bonds are weak?

  10. Van der Waals Interactions occur when transiently positive and negative regions of molecules attract each other

  11. What types of bonds are strong?

  12. What sort of covalent bonds are seen here?

  13. Electron Transfer and Ionic Bonding

  14. A Sodium-Chloride Crystal This compound has 2 or more elements in definite proportions

  15. Ionic and Covalent Bonds: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0072512644/117354/rev01_Ionic_vs_Covalent.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom1s2_11.swf http://bcs.whfreeman.com/webpub/Ektron/pol1e/Animated%20Tutorials/at0201/at_0201_chemical_bond.html http://www.schooltube.com/video/80f7d9bb582fb58b547d/Ionic-and-covalent-bonding-animation

  16. A molecule is the smallest part of a compound. • Water is an example of a polar molecule.

  17. Polar Covalent Bonds in a Water Molecule

  18. Chemical Reaction Between Hydrogen and Oxygen

  19. Hydrogen Bonds • Oxygen is one of the most electronegative elements • In a water molecule electronegative oxygen “hogs” electrons. • This “hogging” of electrons results in which type of bond between oxygen and hydrogen within the water molecule? Polar covalent

  20. Hydrogen bonds occur between two polar molecules, or between different polar regions of one large macro-molecule. • One “relatively” negative region is attracted to a second “relatively” positive region.

  21. Polar Covalent Bond

  22. Water Structure: http://www.biologyalive.com/life/classes/apbiology/documents/Unit%203/media3/03_02WaterStructure_A.swf

  23. Properties of Water • What are the characteristics of water that emerge due to this hydrogen bonding?

  24. A. Water is Cohesive and Adhesive • Cohesion • Adhesion • Why is it that a person who jumps off a bridge into water, dies?

  25. Water Transport in Plants

  26. Water has a great surface tension!

  27. B. Moderation of Temperature • Why is it beneficial if water has a high specific heat? • Where do we see this characteristic in our lives? • Pacific Ocean • Boiling water

  28. C. Water has a High Heat of Vaporization What does this property of water do? • Moderates the Earth’s climate • Stabilizes the temperature of aquatic ecosystems, which effects the life that lives there. • Allows for evaporative cooling

  29. Evaporative Cooling

  30. D. Water Expands as it freezes: • Prevents deep bodies of water from freezing from the bottom up. • As water freezes it releases heat to water below and insulates it. • As water freezes H bonds form releasing heat. As ice melts H bonds break absorbing heat. Both of these factors make seasonal transitions less abrupt!

  31. Why ice really does float:

  32. The Structure of Ice

  33. E. Water is a Versatile Solvent • Polar compounds dissolve in water. • Nonpolar compounds do not dissolve in water.

  34. Water As A Solvent: • http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.swf

  35. The pH Scale of Some Aqueous Solutions

  36. Review: 1) How many protons are in a Nitrogen atom? How many neutrons? 2) What do the elements in a family have in common? 3) In Chlorine, the number of electrons in each of the shells is: 4) What is a metalloid? 5) What is the atomic mass of Na? 6) What is the only subatomic particle that is involved in a chemical reaction?

  37. The type of bond that forms between potassium and fluorine (F) is a/an _________ bond. How many oxygen atoms are required for photosynthesis to take place? How many hydrogen and oxygen atoms are in two molecules of carbonic acid, 2H2CO3?

  38. What is the difference between an atom and an element? Who invented the first periodic table?

  39. A slight attraction or force that results from oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules is called a/an: Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neu- trons. These are called ______ of the element.

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