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AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS (II)

AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS (II). PARTICULATE MATTER. Since the CAA(1956) a kind of complacency set in because smoke and SO 2 were very much reduced. Some did notice an increase in fine particles Diesel Summer haze – secondary particles Monitoring for PM 10 rather than TSP.

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AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS (II)

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  1. AIR POLLUTION ANDHEALTH EFFECTS (II)

  2. PARTICULATE MATTER • Since the CAA(1956) a kind of complacency set in because smoke and SO2 were very much reduced. • Some did notice an increase in fine particles • Diesel • Summer haze – secondary particles • Monitoring for PM10 rather than TSP

  3. QUARG INITIALLY POSITIVE ABOUT FUTURE • Dockery et al (1993) six cities study “An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities” New England Journal of Medicine 329, 1753-1759 • Emissions of pollutants from vehicles looked set to decrease…

  4. MORTALITY FACTOR SIX CITY STUDY • A long term analysis of data on air pollution and mortality undertaken by Harvard School of Public Health

  5. 35-45 NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE < < Annual mean concentrations decrease northwards Sahelian dust Photochemistry Emissions Lack of resource and expertise in south created concern in EC

  6. Sardinia more than 80% of the Fe and Al come from the Sahara. Guerzoni, S et al Chemosphere (1999) Declining emissions of fly ash from industrial plant may lower Ca and offset gains from reduced acidic emissions. Lee and Pacyna Atmos. Env. (1999) COMPOSITION OF DUSTS

  7. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Modern concerns relate more to the lung than the respiratory tract

  8. PARTICULATE MATTER • Size matters – particles need to be <3 μm to get deep in lung http://www.uihealthcare.com/news/currents/vol2issue4/1lungimagingfig1.html http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/Panorama/Biology/Physiology/Physiology.html http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/alveoli_bh.htm http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbestospanel/appendix_e.html

  9. PARTICULATE MATTER • Size matters – particles need to be <3 μm to get deep in lung Alveoli A= Alveolar TB = Tracheobronchial NPL = Nasal, Pharyngeal, Laryngeal http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/hac/asbestospanel/appendix_e.html MSU College of Human Medicine John Hopkins School of Medicine

  10. SHORT TERM EXPOSURE RESPONSE TO PM10

  11. MONTHS LOSS OF LIFE

  12. Buseck et al PARTICLES • PM10 - health effects complex... • Organics and metals • Compositional complexity and nanoscale heterogeneity [Buseck et al, Atmospheric Geochemistry No. 281 http://geology.asu.edu/~7starM/index.htm]

  13. ALVEOLI ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES PARTICULATE MATTERIN ALVOLI • Mechanisms for removal involve macrophages MSU College of Human Medicine John Hopkins School of Medicine

  14. INJURY FROM FINE PARTICLES

  15. KEY FACTORS IN EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE MATTER • Area/number • Oxidative stress • Hydroxyl radical activity – • Transition metals – Fe, V ALVEOLI

  16. OXIDATIVE STRESS • Transition metals and organics on the surface of the carbon core affect the antioxidant defences within the lung lining fluid. • Consumes the protective antioxidant • Macrophages overwhelmed and more (less active particles?) can reach the surface of the lung.

  17. Ascorbate and glutathione depletion as indicators of oxidative activity. Measured in London HIGH TRAFFIC OXIDATIVE STRESS

  18. PARTICLE TYPE Impact of 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 from various sources Laden et al Association of fine particulate matter from different sources with daily mortality in six U.S. cities Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 941-947( 2000)

  19. NON CLASSICAL IMPACTSLONG TERM (20a) PM EXPOSURE AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY • PM translocates to the brain which causes inflammation. • Brain inflammation is promotes neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's). CERAD neuropsychological test battery (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease) Ranft et al Environmental Research (2009)

  20. FOREST SMOKEIN CITIES • Health effects of particles • problem of size • problem of toxicity • Canadian fires affect US pollutant concentrations [Wotawa and Trainer Science 288: (5464) 324-328]

  21. Photographs C.J. Park YELLOW DUST • Enormous worry in Asia about dust from the Loess plateau and its potential health effects. • May incorporate organic materials and also be carcinogenic.

  22. DUST CHEMISTRY More dust perhaps with agriculatural and climate change… but pollutants in cities coat on the dust. HNO3 H2SO4 ORGANIC ACIDS HULIS NEUTRALIZATION ORGANICS OZONE INTERACTIONS SOLUBILZATION SURFACTANTS DUST EMISSION

  23. MOONDUST • NASA wories about particles less than 3m http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6460089.stm

  24. LONG AND SHORT TERM EFFECTS Need to distinguish between the effects of fine particles and oxidative stress and long term effects of carcinogenesis

  25. URBAN NANOPARTICLES <1m Health concerns over smaller and smaller particles has driven the study of nanoparticles... • Traffic • Industry • Secondary production • … but also rapid nucleation

  26. Los Angeles ULTRAFINES (50-100nm) Most abundant catalytic metals: Fe, Ti, Cr, Zn, Ce Some 10% of primary organic particles seem to be from cars... Cass et al Phil. Trans. 2000

  27. PULMONARY SURFACTANTS ALVEOLI PULMONARY SURFACTANTS • Surfactants in alveoli aid gas exchange, but also lung defence. • Would aerosol surfactants alter these functions?

  28. REGULATION OF PM • Confusion over mechanisms and measurement • Regulatory problems: • uncertainty • no-thresholds • Constitutional dilemmas TSP PM-10 PM-2.5

  29. CONCENTRATION PROBLEMS WITH STANDARDS • Meeting limit values may not always reduce exposure most effectively LIMIT VALUE Meets limit value CURRENT Fails to meet limit value, but much reduced cumulative does

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