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How Race Impacts on Sex Offender Research, Assessment and Treatment

How Race Impacts on Sex Offender Research, Assessment and Treatment. Meeting of the California Coalition on Sexual Offending San Diego May 14, 2010. Crime Victimization, 2000. Callie M. Rennison (2000) Criminal Victimization 1999, Changes 1998-99 with Trends 1993-99.

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How Race Impacts on Sex Offender Research, Assessment and Treatment

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  1. How Race Impacts on Sex Offender Research, Assessment and Treatment Meeting of the California Coalition on Sexual Offending San Diego May 14, 2010

  2. Crime Victimization, 2000 Callie M. Rennison (2000) Criminal Victimization 1999, Changes 1998-99 with Trends 1993-99

  3. U.S. Crime and Race Cycle Bpbowser 2010

  4. Crime Race Cycle: Origin and Motivation • Paranoid Style of American Politics (Fear of others as basis of laws) • Religious Fundamentalism • U.S. Constitution Emphasis in Individual • Use of Race and Ethnicity to Maintain Class Divisions Tonry, 2008

  5. Effectiveness of Sanctions and Change in Defiance by Crime and Arrest Rates Carmichael & Piquero 2006; Emon 2007

  6. Sanctions Particularly Ineffective Minority Offenders(Four Conditions for Defiance) • Sanctions must be perceived as unfair • Offender must be unable to defend and make bond • Sanctions must be perceived as stigmatizing • Offender denies any shame associated with offense Bouffard & Piquero 2010

  7. Nationalization of Southern Racial Incarceration Practices R. Perkinson (2009) Texas Tough: The Rise of America’s Prison Empire

  8. Limited Impact of State Sponsored Psychotherapy for Black Clients • Individual focus to address group problems. • Long history of using medical and social services as tool of control and oppression. • Use of psychotherapy as adjunct for criminal control. • Identity: NOT “criminal” in criminal places.

  9. % California Prison Admissions by Race & Offenses (2003) Compared to State Population (2008) from Nat. Correction Reporting Program, 2003 California (ICPSR 20741)

  10. % Admissions by Sex Crimes & Race

  11. California State Prison Pop. Data forLocation Sentenced Served 2003 • State Prison Facility • Other • Hospital – Mental • Hospital – Medical • Rehabilitation Unit • Federal Prison Data Missing for All Locations

  12. Illustrating Problem of Race and Crime: Paraphilia in California • Unable to determine extent of Black & other minorities in prison hospitals as paraphilia NOS. • Central Thesis: Many African Americans in prison for paraphilia sex offenses were primarily motivated by drug use and drug dealing.

  13. Definition of Paraphilia NOS Criteria A: Sexual disorders characterized by "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors generally involving: (1) nonhuman objects, (2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (3) children or other non-consenting persons that occur over a period of 6 months."

  14. Definition of Paraphilia NOS (Continued) Sexual disorders which "cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.” There are 8 specific disorders along with a ninth residual category, paraphilia not otherwise specified (NOS). Am. Psychiatric Assoc. (2000) DSM IV-TR

  15. Alternative Motivation for Behaviors among Black Men Diagnosed as Paraphilia NOS Black drug users and dealers (one in the same) are part of a deviant subculture with rules, beliefs, norms and sanctions against violating those rules and norms. Terry Williams (1992) Crack House: Notes from the End of the Line. BP. Bowser (1989). “Crack and AIDS: An Ethnographic Impression.” Journal of the National Medical Association, 81 (5): 538‑540.

  16. Alternative Motivation for Behaviors among Black Men Associated with Paraphilia NOS An intrinsic part of dealing drugs are sex-for-money and money-for-sex exchanges (Transactional sex). One must do both to be an successful dealer. Inciardi, J. A., D. Lockwood, et al. (1993). Women and crack-cocaine. New York, Macmillan. Bobashev, G. V., W. A. Zule, et al. (2009). "Transactional sex among men and women in the south at high risk for hiv and other STIs." Urban Health Journal of Urban Health 86(Suppl. 1): S32-S47.

  17. Alternative Motivation for Behaviors among Black Men Associated with Paraphilia NOS Code of the Street among Drug Dealers: If someone does not pay their drug debts and appears to have no intention of paying, they are fair game. They are to be “turned out” as in turned out to work as prostitutes – beaten, repeatedly raped and sexually humiliated. Beck, R. (1969). Pimp: the story of my life. Los Angeles, Holloway House. Hall, S. T. and B. Adelman (1972). Gentleman of leisure: a year in the life of a pimp. New York, New American Library. Ratner, M. S. (1993). Crack Pipe as Pimp. New York: Lexington Books.

  18. How to Stop the Behaviors among Black Men Associated with Paraphilia? • Stop Dealing Drugs • Go into Recovery from Dependency • Leave Street Subculture and Its Norms • Group and Individual Therapy Helpful

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