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Technologies of the Information Age

Technologies of the Information Age. Team Name: Super Troopers Presented by: Ernest Del Real Jeanette Gerardo Rosa Morales Brian Ly. Five Generations of Computers. Computer Development Refers to the different generations of computing devices

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Technologies of the Information Age

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  1. Technologies of the Information Age Team Name: Super Troopers Presented by: Ernest Del Real Jeanette Gerardo Rosa Morales Brian Ly

  2. Five Generations of Computers • Computer Development • Refers to the different generations of computing devices • Each generation is characterized by a major technological development. Brian Ly

  3. First Generation1940 - 1956 • First computer used Vacuum Tubes • Consisted of: • Tubes for circuitry • Magnetic drums for memory • Metal cylinder coated with magnetic iron-oxide material. • Disadvantages: • Expensive to operate • Used great deal of electricity • Generated a lot of heat • Undependable Brian Ly

  4. First Generation Computers • Relied on machine language • Solve one problem at a time • High-level programming languages • Assembly language • Used assemblers and compilers • CPU had their own unique language Brian Ly

  5. Second Generation1956 – 1963 • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes. • Transistors are devices composed of semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit. • Transistors invented in 1947. • Advantages: • Superior than vacuum tubes • Smaller • Faster • Cheaper • More energy-efficient • More reliable Brian Ly

  6. Moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic. • COBOL and FROTRAN • First computers that were developed for the atomic energy industry Brian Ly

  7. Third Generation1964 – 1971 • Integrated circuits • Hallmark of the third generation • Drastically increased speed and efficiency of computers. • Keyboards/Monitors interfaced with Operating Systems. • Advantages: • Many programs can be ran at same time • Became accessible to a mass audience • Even Smaller • Even Cheaper Brian Ly

  8. Carry out instructions in billionths of a second. • Size of machine dropped to the size of small file cabinets. Brian Ly

  9. Fourth Generation1971 - Present • Microprocessor • Thousands of integrated circuits were rebuilt onto a single silicon chip. • Contains a CPU • Controls the logic of almost all digital devices • Three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: • Instruction Set • Bandwidth • Clock Speed • Higher the values, the more powerful the CPU is Brian Ly

  10. First generation computers can now be fit in the palm of the hand. • Intel 4004chip located all the components of the computer. • CPU is the brain of the computer • Most calculation takes place • Most important element of a computer system • Large machines require CPUs with one or more printed circuit boards • PCs and Small workstations housed by a single chip, the microprocessor. Brian Ly

  11. Two typical components of a CPU: • ALU • Arithmetic Logic Unit • Control Unit • 1981 - IBM introduced its first computer for the home user. • 1984 – Apple introduced the Macintosh. • Microprocessors moved out of the realm of desktop computers. Brian Ly

  12. Fifth GenerationPresent - Beyond • Artificial Intelligence • Still in development • Branch of computer science concerned with making computer behave like humans • Includes: • Games Playing • Expert Systems • Natural Language • Neural Networks • Robotics Brian Ly

  13. No Computers exhibit full artificial intelligence • Greatest advances • In the fields of games playing • Chess programs • Capable of beating humans • IBM super computer, “Deep Blue” • Robots widely used in assembly plants

  14. What pioneering role did women have in terms of their contributions to computer technology? Hardware and machine design Software and Language Design Innovative Applications Artificial Intelligence Jeanette Gerardo

  15. Hardware Margaret Butler: Helped develop one of the first digital computers of science Evelyn Berezin: helped design, develop and manufacture word processing systems Jeanette Gerardo

  16. Software and Language Design • Betty Snyder Holberton: Collaborated with others in the original programming of the first stored-program computer • Adele Mildred Coss: Created an Editing Generator, used to build an editing routine. • programming knowledge. Jeanette Gerardo

  17. Software and Language Design • Margaret Harper: contributed to the development of tested programs, along with… • Grace Hopper who was one of the major developers of the first compiler for computer Jeanette Gerardo

  18. Innovative Applications • Joyce Wrenn: invented the application customizer. • Janet Marie DearholtEsty: Invented data management which in her words was “taking care of all the paper work and reporting requirements for government contracts”. • Garhart (“Casey”) Stone: Invented an interactive videodisk to teach independent thinking to hearing impaired children. • Dr. Rosamond Gianutsos: Created a series of computer programs to help diagnose and treat brain-injured people. Jeanette Gerardo

  19. Artificial Intelligence • Wendy Lehnert: won a presidential young investigator award for her work in artificial intelligence for trying to make computers think like humans. • Karen Sparck-Jones: introduced the concept of inverse document frequency, it is used in most search engines today. • Thelma Estrin: “Provided computer support for a variety of research projects”, expert in the application of computers to medical research and treatment. Jeanette Gerardo

  20. Jeanette Gerardo

  21. What was UNIVAC? • UNIVAC is the first commercial computer produced in the United States • The Acronym stands for “Universal Automatic Computer” which was chosen by John Mauchly in 1947. • Designed by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly Jeanette Gerardo

  22. Cont. • Its design and contract was not finalized until 1948 • Costs for this project were erroneous and almost drove its inventors to bankruptcy • The project was not accepted by the Census Bureau until March 31, 1951 • Costs to finally construct the UNIVAC were close to a million dollars Jeanette Gerardo

  23. Components Of UNIVAC • The infamous UNIVAC was 25feet by 50 feet in length, and was composed of about 5600 tubes, 18000 crystal diodes and 300 relays. • Its internal capacity was of about 1000 words to 12000 characters. Jeanette Gerardo

  24. Components Of UNIVAC • Its processing speed was .525 milliseconds for arithmetic functions, 2.15 milliseconds for multiplication and 3.9 Milliseconds for division. • It was unique from any other invention since it provided the separation of complex problems of input and the output from the actual computation Jeanette Gerardo

  25. UNIVAC Jeanette Gerardo

  26. -In 1952, it successfully predicted the outcome of the 1952 presidential election during a televised news broadcast. -UNIVAC was soon used to compute major company’s payrolls, sales records, sales performance, etc. -The largest amount of UNIVAC’s to be delivered took place in 1958 Jeanette Gerardo

  27. Additions to UNIVAC • The first practical compiler that consisted of a group error-free programs placed on tapes that were in turn assigned to call numbers. • Automatic programming which enabled computers to write their own programs from using key instructions. • Data processing: (Flow-matic) was the first computer language consisted of 500 typical programs and identified 30 verbs that shared commonalities amongst all. Jeanette Gerardo

  28. Jeanette Gerardo

  29. What was the ENIAC? • First general purpose electronic computer that amongst its capabilities were reprogramming which would allow it to be used for different computing problems • It was initially invented for military purposes to enable them to calculate artilleryfiring tables • Was used for the first time for calculations for the hydrogen bomb Jeanette Gerardo

  30. Was referred to as a “Giant Brain” through media • Its speed was one thousand times faster then electro-mechanical machines • The construction contract was signed by the United States army on June 5, 1943. Jeanette Gerardo

  31. ENIAC GIRLS • Were programmers of the world’s first general response electronic computer • They were mostly math graduates • Were initially hired to calculate shell and missile trajectories for the War department • About 200 women operated the ENIAC systems at once Jeanette Gerardo

  32. ENIAC GIRLS Jeanette Gerardo

  33. Adele Goldstine • Wrote the complete technical description for the first digital computer • Was also a mathematics teacher • Taught 6 women that were the original programmers of the ENIAC to perform hand calculations of the firing table trajectory Jeanette Gerardo

  34. Kay Mauchly • Was one of three math majors at her college (Chestnut Hill College near Philadelphia) • Was 22 when she was hired at the University of Pennsylvania for mathematicians to calculate bullet and missile trajectories. Jeanette Gerardo

  35. Frances Bilas • Was also a math major with a minor in physics • Was hired by Moore School of engineering to compute ballistics trajectories • Was then selected to become part of the programmers of ENIAC Jeanette Gerardo

  36. Ruth Lichterman • Graduated with a bachelors in mathematics from Hunter College • Was also hired by Moore School of Engineering • She also traveled with ENIAC to the Aberdeen Proving grounds to train the future ENIAC programmers where she remained for about two years Jeanette Gerardo

  37. Elizabeth Jennings known as Jean Bartik • She was a mathematics major • Was originally hired as Aberdeen Proving ground to also calculate ballistic trajectories • Was then elected to be one of the programmers • She later became an editor for a company which published information on high technology Jeanette Gerardo

  38. Marilyn Wescoff • Was originally hired by Moore School of Engineering to perform weather calculations • Then was hired to also perform ballistic trajectories Jeanette Gerardo

  39. Betty Holberton • Hired by Moore School of Engineering to compute Ballistic trajectories • Was later asked to be part of the ENIAC programmers. Jeanette Gerardo

  40. Ada Lovelace, Countess of Lovelace • Born In London, England, December 10, 1815 . Died November 27, 1852. • Her Father was the famous Romantic poet Lord Byron. • Her mother made sure she was tutored in mathematics and music because she did not want her daughter to be a poet like her father. • She was later influenced by Charles Babbage who also become a lifelong friend. Rosa Morales

  41. Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage • She met Babbage at age 17 • Babbage was a Mathematics Professor in Cambridge • He came up with the idea of a analytical engine • Ada helped translate transcripts that informed on analytical engine. • The Analytical Engine was steam powered general purpose computing machine Rosa Morales

  42. Ada Continue • Analytical Engine • An analytical engine “basic function was an empty box. It didn’t actually do anything itself, but merely executed whatever ‘program’ was applied by its operator.” • The transcripts Ada translated led to “the acceptance of the first computer program.” • She introduced computer programming but during her lifetime it was never tested. Rosa Morales

  43. Rear Admiral Grace Hopper • Born in New York City December 9, 1906. • Died in Arlington, Virginia, January 1, 1992. • Graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics, physics, and economics. She received her Masters from Yale as well as her Ph.D. • One of the first woman hands on computer programmer • Join Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) and served into her retirement. • Director of the Navy Programming Languages Group Rosa Morales

  44. Hopper’s Career • Navy • Mark I (1944) and Mark II (1944) were the first digital computers • Designed at Harvard University • Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations • Eckert-Mauchly Computer Coporation • Helped develop the UNIVAC I (1949), “first commercially viable computer.” • FLOW-MATIC, “first computer language consisting of words” • COBOL (1959) • She was one of the creators of COBOL • Acronym “for Common Business-Oriented Language.” • Known as one of the oldest programming language • Could be used in different computers Rosa Morales

  45. Mark 1 Rosa Morales

  46. BINAC • Two computers linked together • Capacity to check itself for accuracy. • First to realize that software are an essential part of the computer. • Virtual Storage • “Later work included development of virtual storage, greatly increasing the effective memory available to the computer, the computer operating system, and parallel processing.” Rosa Morales

  47. Career Continue • Hopper also develop the first compiler for a computer programming language. • B-O compiler • “Compiler, the intermediate program that translates English language instructions into the language of the target computer.” • Invented automatic programming Rosa Morales

  48. The Video Game Industry Where are all the women? Prepared By: Ernest Del Real

  49. The Facts: • 1 woman for every 5 men currently in video game industry. (2007 survey by Game Developer Magazine) • Women at all levels of the field earned an average of $64,643 last year, while men earned $74,459, according to the survey. (2007 survey by Game Developer Magazine) Prepared By: Ernest Del Real

  50. The Numbers Don’t Lie Prepared By: Ernest Del Real

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