Review 4/22/13

1. Review 4/22/13

2. Parallel Structure • Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Mary likes hiking, swimming, and bicycling. Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to bike.

3. Parallel Structure • The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner. (not parallel) • OR • The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly. • (this one is parallel)

4. Parallel Structure • The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low.(not parallel) • The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation. (This one is parallel.)

5. Parallel Structure • The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should eat healthy, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game.(not parallel) • The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should eat healthy, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game. (this one is parallel)

6. Parallel Structure • The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up etymologies. (not parallel) • The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and etymologies. (This one is parallel)

7. Pronouns and Antecedents- the noun that the pronoun refers to. • During early rehearsals, an actor may forget his lines. • Actor = antecedent • The Washington team was opportunistic; it took advantage of players’ weaknesses. • Team = antecedent • The committee members put their signatures on the document. • Members = antecedent

8. Split Dialogue Example • “I hope you reviewed for your final exam last night,” said Mrs. George, “because you will increase your chances of performing well.”

9. Sentence Structures • Complex: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. • Although the CRCT is long and tedious, it’s important for students to stay focused and to put forth their best effort. • Compound: Two or more independent clauses. Use a semi-colon, or a comma and a coordinating conjunction to join the clauses. • Mrs. George wants her students to perform well on the CRCT, so they can end their middle school careers on a high note.

10. Verbals- Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives • Gerunds– End in –ing. They look like verbs, but act like nouns • Participles- End in –ing or –ed. They look like verbs, but act like adjectives. • Infinitives- they take the form of “to” + a verb. They can act like many parts of speech.

11. Gerunds, Participles, and Infinitives • Running is great cardiovascular exercise. • Gerund • My brother bought new running shoes last night at the mall. • Participle • My father loves to run in the mornings. • Infinitive

12. More examples • Gerunds • Studying for math is difficult unless you complete the homework. • Participles • The dancing dog on You Tube is hilarious. • Pushed to the edge of endurance, the marathon runner collapsed when he reached the finish line. • Infinitives • That dog loves to dance, and he has great rhythm.

13. Misplaced Modifiers • A modifier is a word or phrase that modifies or describes another word or idea. • A modifier is very useful in writing when it is used correctly. • When it is not, it can be down-right ugly and sometimes very funny or absurd. • When this happens, it is probably “dangling” because there is no word to attach onto.

14. Misplaced Modifiers • If the modifier is not placed next to the word it is describing, the results are confusing. • Examples: • A contestant won the talent competition with a soprano voice. (Was the competition a soprano?) • Correction: A contestant with a soprano voice won the talent competition

15. Misplaced Modifiers • I took my dog to the veterinarian with fleas. • Correction: I took my dog with fleas to the veterinarian. • We borrowed a mower from our neighbor that was broken. • Correction: We borrowed a mower that was broken from our neighbor.