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Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases. Acid-Base Reactions. Acid-Base Reactions. Objectives Describe a conjugate acid, a conjugate base, and an amphoteric compound Explain the process of neutralization Define acid rain, give examples of compounds that can cause acid rain, and describe effects of acid rain.

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Acids and Bases

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  1. Acids and Bases Acid-Base Reactions

  2. Acid-Base Reactions • Objectives • Describe a conjugate acid, a conjugate base, and an amphoteric compound • Explain the process of neutralization • Define acid rain, give examples of compounds that can cause acid rain, and describe effects of acid rain

  3. Acid-Base Reactions • Conjugate Acids and Bases • The species that remains after a Brønsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton is the conjugate base of that acid acid conjugate base

  4. Acid-Base Reactions • Conjugate Acids and Bases • Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reactions involve two acid-base pairs, known a conjugate acid-base pairs acid1base2 base1acid2

  5. Acid-Base Reactions • Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases • The stronger an acid is, the weaker its conjugate base • The stronger a base is, the weaker its conjugate acid strong acid base acid weak base

  6. Acid-Base Reactions • Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases • Proton transfer reactions favor the production of the weaker acid and the weaker base stronger acid stronger base weaker acid weaker base The reaction to the right is more favorable weaker acid weaker base stronger acid stronger base The reaction to the left is more favorable

  7. Acid-Base Reactions • Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

  8. Acid-Base Reactions • Amphoteric Compounds • Any species that can react as either an acid or a base is described as amphoteric • example: water can act as a base water can act as an acid • acid1 base2 acid2 base1 • base1 acid2 acid1 base2

  9. Acid-Base Reactions • –OH in a Molecule • The covalently bonded IOH group in an acid is referred to as a hydroxyl group • Molecular compounds containing —OH groups can be acidic or amphoteric • The behavior of a compound is affected by the number of oxygen atoms bonded to the atom connected to the —OH group

  10. Acid-Base Reactions • Strong Acid-Strong Base Neutralization • In aqueous solutions, neutralization is the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules • A salt is an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid

  11. Acid-Base Reactions • Acid Rain • NO, NO2, CO2, SO2, and SO3 gases from industrial processes can dissolve in atmospheric water to produce acidic solutions • Very acidic rain is known as acid rain (under 5.6 pH) • Acid rain can erode statues and affect ecosystems

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