Confined or Enclosed Spaces [29 CFR 1926.21(6)(i & ii)

1. Confined or Enclosed Spaces [29 CFR 1926.21(6)(i & ii) Per 1926.21 - Safety training and education (b) Employer responsibility

2. Permit Required Confined Spaces [29 CFR 1910.146]

3. Class Exercise Please take a Deep Breath & Hold It…..

4. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY (CSE) Confined Spaces come in all shapes and sizes!

5. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

6. FATAL ACCIDENTS • 35% Supervisor or Higher • 64% Did not need to enter • 66% Water / Wastewater / Sewer / Manhole Construction • 78% Oxygen deficient / IDLH / toxic • 95% Had no confined space training • 100% No (or inadequate) powered ventilation • 100% No instrument at site (to measure hazardous atmosphere)

7. Excavations Manholes Foundations Underground utility vaults Sewer lines Bins Boilers Storage tanks Process vessels CSE Fatalities Happen…

8. ‘Confined Space’ Defined • SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO BODILY ENTER & DO ASSIGNED WORK AND • LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT AND • NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY This classroom? A concrete truck?

9. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Overview • Types of Confined Spaces by Definition • Permit-required means…. • Non-permit means….. • Typical Citations • No testing of confined space atmosphere • No rescue provisions • No retrieval device for confined spaces greater than 5 feet deep

10. NOT A CONFINED SPACE SPACE LARGE ENOUGH TO ENTER AND; LIMITED OR RESTRICTED ENTRY OR EXIT; NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS OCCUPANCY NO YES CONFINED SPACE PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE NON PERMIT CONFINED SPACE HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE? OR ENGULFMENT HAZARD? OR NO YES CONFIGURATION HAZARD? ANY OTHER RECOGNIZED SERIOUS HAZARD? Confined Space Decision Flowchart OR

11. Requirements of Standards • Evaluate workplace for permit-required spaces • Employees informed of existence, location, & danger signs • Develop written program (if entry is permitted) • Train and educate employees • Re-evaluation & reclassification • Contractor confined space interface

12. Confined Space • Is it a confined space? • Is it a permit required confined space? • Adds a new meaning to Special Delivery!

13. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • The tragic loss of life occurred when confined space rules were not enforced by the employer.

14. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Lack of oxygen in sewer Ideas? • Rusty hand rails might have tipped them off!! • What did they do wrong or not do correctly?

15. Categorizing Work Spaces • REQUIRES A PERMIT IF: • Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere • Engulfment hazard potential • Internal configuration hazard • Contains any recognized serious hazard

16. Permit-Required CSE Hazards • Falling Objects • Excavations • Temperature Extremes • Falls / Slick/wet surfaces • Toxic / Corrosive chemicals • Moving parts/ equipment

17. SIGNAGE

18. WRITTEN PROGRAM (d) • Identify & evaluate space hazards • Test for atmospheric hazards • Continuously monitor • Prevent unauthorized entry • Establish procedures & practices • Identify employee duties • Require, provide & maintain PPE • One Attendant minimum • Rescue & emergency procedures established • Permit system • Periodic review

19. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY NEEDS • Air Testing Monitor • Full Body Harness • Communication Equipment • Protective Eyewear • Protective Helmet • Protective Boots So what is missing?

20. Hazardous Atmospheres • Too much Oxygen over 23.5% • Too little Oxygen under 19.5% • Flammable atmosphere 10% LEL • Carbon Monoxide 50 ppm • Hydrogen Sulfide 20 ppm Ceiling See Subpart Z 1910.1000 Air Contaminants

21. PERMIT REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE PROGRAM Atmosphere Testing • Oxygen level • Flammability / explosion potential • Carbon monoxide • Hydrogen sulfide This is a 4-gas monitor

22. Atmosphere Testing • Draw samples without entering the space! • Then wear it while in the space

23. Atmosphere Testing • CRITICAL ISSUES • Training • Procedures • Calibration prior to use

24. Atmosphere Testing Normal Readings

25. Atmosphere Testing DANGER Reading! Oxygen level too low! Alarm is going off!!

26. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • A simple fan may ventilate the PRCS enough to eliminate the hazard • Fan nomographs • Use them • Follow Mfg. recommendations

27. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY

29. CONFINED SPACE ENTRY • Entry into Permit Required Space areas takes teamwork and planning!

30. Entry Permit System • Signed by Supervisor • Includes: • Test results & tester’s initials or signature • Supervisor’s name & signature • Identification of space and personnel (by assigned duty) • Purpose & control measures are in place • All specified equipment is in place • Name & number of rescue/emergency service • Acceptable entry conditions • Any special equipment & communication procedures

31. CSE: Ventilator Room Example WHAT type of confined space is this & WHY?

32. Training and Education • Knowledge & skills for safe performance • Additional training is required when: • Job duties change • Change in program • New hazard(s) are identified • Employee’s job performance is found deficient • Emergency training (CPR / First Aid) • Certification of training

33. Entry Supervisor’s Duties • Know the space’s hazards & consequences • Verify emergency plans, test procedures, and proper equipment are in place • Terminate/cancel permits (upon completion or change in conditions) • Remove unauthorized personnel • Ensure operation remains consistent with entry permit conditions

34. Authorized Entrant Responsibilities • Know the space hazards & consequences • Alert to exposure symptoms & prohibited conditions • Use appropriate PPE • Begin self rescue w hazards /symptoms • Evacuate immediately on order of Attendant • Communicate w Attendant re: prohibited conditions

35. Attendant Duties • Recognize existing & potential hazards • Aware of behavioral effects to Entrant • Remain outside to monitor space & headcount • Maintain effective contact with Entrant • Monitor activities in & out of space. • Order evacuation in any hazardous situation • Summon emergency rescue • Perform “non-entry rescue” • Perform no other duties

36. Communication • Entrant and Attendant must maintain verbal contact • Have backup communication system • Methods • Simple voice • Radios • Telephone • “Tug Signals” on the cable

37. Entrant Self-Rescue • At first sign or trouble, notify Attendant and begin evacuation • Attendant notifies other workers to evacuate • Rescue team notified, if necessary

38. Non-Entry Rescue • Entrant is wearing a harness • Cable is attached to the harness • Use a hand crank! • vs a powered winch • Wristlets may be used

39. Plan for Emergencies • MSDS requirements • Chest or full body harness requirement and mechanical device • Employer responsibilities: • Rescuers provided with & trained on PPE • Trained to perform rescue duties • Rescuers have Authorized Entrant’s training • Practice rescue exercises completed yearly

40. CSE RESCUE • Confined Space Rescue teams must practice annually • At the actual or representative confined spaces in which they may be required to perform Entrant rescue

41. The Domino Effect • One worker gets into trouble • The next worker goes in to help • A third worker goes in to help...

42. Questions? Just keep them simple, please. ‘Cause I put the hard ones on the Post Test!!!

43. CSE Major Points • Written plan of action for rescue is required. • Ventilation is necessary if there is the potential for the atmosphere to move out of the acceptable range.