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History of Iran

History of Iran. The Geography of Iran. Qajar Dynasty,1779-1925. Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar tribe Monarchs lacked political or religious prestige Power of clergy (religious officials) increased. External Influence. Britain and Russia compete to expand their empires into Iran

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History of Iran

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  1. History of Iran

  2. The Geography of Iran

  3. Qajar Dynasty,1779-1925 • Agha Mohammad Khan of the Qajar tribe • Monarchs lacked political or religious prestige • Power of clergy (religious officials) increased

  4. External Influence • Britain and Russia compete to expand their empires into Iran • Treaties between the three countries give Britain and Russia a lot of economic & trading privileges as well as territory in Iran

  5. The Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911 • Protestors want political change • Shah creates parliament (Majlis) & constitution • People are citizens and have voice in gov’t • Even with constitution, Iran is weakened by control of Britain and Russia Bakhtiari Revolutionaries in camp outside Esfahan (June 1909)In front, in a white coat with a sword, is Mohammad Ebrahim Khan, Zabet of Julfa. Source: www.iranchamber.com

  6. Iran & WWI, 1914-1918 • Iran neutral • Effects • Economy decreases • Parts of Iran taken by Allied powers • Russia withdrew from Iran after their revolution

  7. Pahlavi Dynasty,1925-1941 • 1921 – Reza Khan led forces into Tehran, Iran • Wanted shah to elect Prime Minister • 1923 – Reza Khan chosen as new Prime Minister • 1925 – Majlis appoints Reza Khan the shah (ends Qajar Dynasty)

  8. Iran in WWII • British, U.S., & Soviet troops occupied Iran • 1941 – Shah Reza Khan abdicates • Gives power to son Mohammad Reza • Effects • Hurts Iran’s economy • Weakens Iran’s gov’t • Famine

  9. Iran & Oil • Iran’s oil production controlled by Britain’s Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) • Protests begin against foreign control of oil • Anger over the Supplemental Oil Agreement and the shah’s use of bribery/fraud cause uproar • Politician Mohammad Mossadegh leads protest for new fair elections of Majlis • 1951 – Mossadegh forms National Front, is elected PM, & nationalizes the AIOC

  10. Problems with West Begin • Britain leads boycott of Iran & increases military forces • British officials expelled from Iran • U.S. and Britain successfully sponsor a coup (overthrow) of Mossadegh in 1953

  11. What about Mohammed Reza Shah? • “Dictatorship” from 1953-1960 • Reza Shah Pahlavi is supported by U.S. and Britain (due to oil) & is Pro-West • The people of Iran do not necessarily agree • Disbands National Front & imprisons its members • Forms SAVAK, a secret police to hunt down opponents • Mistreatment, torture, execution • Limits public expression and ideas • People are oppressed and in poverty

  12. The White Revolution, 1963 • Shah’s reform program to reduce dissatisfaction and unrest • Redistribute land • Women given more rights • Privatization of industries • Increase literacy (Literacy Corps) Shah distributing land deeds

  13. The Iranian Revolution

  14. Ayatollah Khomeini • Ayatollah = cleric, Islamic scholar • 1963 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini criticizes the Shah’s reforms and gov’t • Ayatollah Khomeini is against Western influences in Iran • Saw Shah’s rule as hurting Islam • Shah orders Khomeini to be exiled • Protests break out, thousands killed

  15. Problems in Iran • Economy worsens • Human rights violations • Demonstrations against the shah continue in 1978 • Hundreds of protestors killed

  16. Anarchy & Revolution The Shah flees Iran on 1/16/79.

  17. Ayatollah KhomeiniLeads the Revolution Khomeini returns to Iran on February 11, 1979.

  18. Islamic Republic of Iran New Constitution created Ayatollah Khomeini as Supreme Islamic Jurist (Supreme Leader) Had religious & political control - THEOCRACY

  19. American Embassy inTehran Taken Over, Americans taken hostage Iranian students worry that U.S. will stage another coup.

  20. 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Days Released in Jan., 1981 (Reagan took the U.S. Presidency)

  21. The Khomeini Revolution

  22. Support for the Palestinian Cause Funds Hamas and Hezbollah. The Ayatollah with Yasir Arafat of the PLO.

  23. The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

  24. The Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988) Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein feared that Iran’s new leadership would conflict with the Sunni/Shi’a balance in Iraq (Iraq is mainly Shi’ite). Also wanted oil resources in Iran.

  25. Iraqi Soldiers At the Front • 375,000 Iraqi casualties & 60,000 POWs!

  26. Iranian Soldiers • Over 1,000,000 Iranian casualties!

  27. Iran Since the Death of the Ayatollah Khomeini

  28. Khomeini’s Death, June 1989 He is succeeded by Ayatollah Ali Khameni as Supreme Leader.

  29. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • President of Iran, 2005 – present • Succeeded Ayatollah Khatami • Conservative • Supports Iran’s uranium enrichment program • Peaceful or for nuclear weapons? • Not in favor of Israel’s statehood • Not a friend of the West • Economic problems, human rights issues

  30. Another Nuclear Power? US satellite photo of Iranian nuclear facility near Arak.

  31. Source: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Choices http://www.choices.edu/resources/activities/timeline_iran/timeline.html

  32. Bibliography • “23 Year Pictorial History of Iran.”http://home.att.net/~iranshahr/ • “Iranian.com.”www.iranian.com/Revolution/war.html. • “Iran Hostage Anniversary.” CBS News.www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/18/iran/main265244.shtml.

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