Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

1. Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

2. How does the women’s movement of the 1920s compare with the women’s movement of the 1960s?

3. 1920s

4. Background • Historically, women have been considered intellectually inferior to men. • They were seen as major sources of temptation and evil. • Women were also considered naturally weaker than men

5. “Woman is the gate of the devil, the path of wickedness, the sting of the serpent, in a word a perilous object.” -- St. Jerome, a 4th-c Latin father of the Christian church

6. Flappers

7. Flappers • These women challenged traditional American values. • Characteristics of a Flapper: • Short, bobbed hair • Short hems on their skirts • Listened to Jazz music • Wore makeup • Drank hard liquor • Smoked cigarettes • Treating sex in a more casual manner • Were opposed to the conventional social and sexual norms

8. 19th Amendment “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” • It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.

10. Alice Paul • She was the head of National Women’s Party. • Felt that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough. • Pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment to be added to the constitution. January 11th, 1885- July 9th, 1977

11. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.” • It was first introduced to Congress in 1923. • Made all forms of discrimination based on sex illegal. • Never passed in Congress.

12. Margaret Sanger • In 1921, she founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) • Today known as Planned Parenthood • In 1923, she established the Clinical Research Bureau. • The first legal birth control clinic in the U.S. • Women were then able to control their own bodies. • This movement educated women about existing birth control methods. • A 1936, a Supreme Court decision declassified birth control information as obscene.

13. “Woman was created to be man's helpmeet, but her unique role is in conception . . . since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men." --Thomas Aquinas, 13th century Christian theologian

14. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 1923 The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for women violated the right to freedom of contract. William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice

15. Women’s Bureau of the Department of Labor • In 1920, the Women's Bureau of the Department of Labor was established to gather information about the situation of women at work, and to advocate for changes it found were needed. • Many suffragists became actively involved with lobbying for legislation to protect women workers from abuse and unsafe conditions.

16. “Pink Collared” Jobs • Gave women a taste of the work world. • Low paying service occupations. • Made less money than men did doing the same jobs. • Examples of jobs: • Secretaries • Teachers • Telephone operators • Nurses

17. “Pink Collared” Jobs • Women were confined to traditional “feminine” fields in the work force. • The “new professional women” was the most vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s. • But in reality, most middle class married women remained at home to care for their children.

18. 1928 Olympics • These were the first Olympics that women were allowed to compete in. • There were many arguments about these actions. • Some argued that it was historically inappropriate since women did not compete in ancient Greek Olympics. • Others said that physical competition was “injurious” to women. The 1928 Dutch Women’s Gymnastics team. They won the gold medal in the group event.

19. Education • By 1928, women were earning 39% of the college degrees given in the United States. • It had risen from the original 19% it was at the beginning of the century. • Example: • In 1926, Sarah Lawrence College was founded as an all girls school

20. 1960s

21. Background • The Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a second wave of activism. • The women's movement of the 1960s drew inspiration from the civil rights movement • It was made up of members of the middle class • It was also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s • Sparked by the development of the birth-control pill in 1960 Martin Luther King Jr. giving his"I Have A Dream“, 1963

22. Background Cont • Sexual assault and domestic violence became central targets of women's activism • The crime of rape begins to increase in numbers • Rape is sex without consent, both legally and socially • Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will, examines the history of rape • Feminists work to create domestic violence shelters and rape crisis hotlines

23. National Organization for Women (NOW) • Founded in 1966. • Founded by a group of people, including Betty Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray. • The first African-American woman Episcopal priest. • Betty Friedan became the organization's first president.

24. NOW (con’t.) The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for all women. They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA amendment at the state level. Issues NOW deals with: works to eliminate discrimination and harassment in the workplace, schools, and the justice system. secure abortion, birth control and reproductive rights for all women end all forms of violence against women eradicate racism, sexism and homophobia promote equality and justice in society.

25. Rachel Carson • Wrote the controversial book, Silent Spring • It says that pesticides are destroying wildlife and endangering humanity. • May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964 May 27th, 1907- April 14th, 1964

26. Betty Friedan • Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963. • In her book, she depicted the roles of women in industrial societies. • She focused most of her attention on the housewife role of women. • She referred to the problem of gender roles as "the problem without a name". • The book became a bestseller and was the cause for the second wave of feminism in the 60s. Feb. 4th, 1921- Feb. 4th, 2006

27. The problem that has no name–which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities–is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease. -- Betty Friedan

28. Shirley Chisholm • In 1968 Shirley Chisholm of New York was the first black woman elected to the House of Representatives. November 30, 1924 to January 1, 2005

29. First national Commission on the Status of Women • President Kennedyestablished the firstnational Commissionon the Status of Women in 1961. • In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women.

30. Equal Pay Act 1963 • It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination. • In 1963 the average female worker’s wages in the United States were equivalent to 58.9 % of the average male worker’s earnings. • It abolished wage differences based on sex. • “No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section [section 206 of title 29 of the United States Code] shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs…” -- Equal Pay Act

31. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Passed in 1964. • It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race, national origin, religion, or sex. • Section VII set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.

32. Presidential Executive Order 11246 • It was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 24th, 1965 • It prohibited bias against women in hiring by federal government contractors. • “…Prohibits federal contractors and federally assisted construction contractors and subcontractors, who do over $10,000 in Government business in one year from discriminating in employment decisions on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin."

33. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) • Estelle Griswold was the executive director of Planned Parenthood League. • The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives. • Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy. • Found that Connecticut should allow married couples to use birth control. Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold (right)

34. The End

35. Works Cited • "1920s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecade/1920s.html>. • 1928 Olympics. 1928. Amsterdam. The Holocaust. 1 June 2007 <http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/zcd078.htm>. • "1960s." Women of the Century. 2006. Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/womenofthecentury/decade bydecade/1960s.html>. • "Alice Paul: Feminist, Suffragist and Political Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. 23 May 2007. 31 May 2007 <http://www.alicepaul.org/alicepaul.htm>. • Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan. 2006. JJB Blog. 4 June 2007 <http://blog.johnjosephbachir.org/tag/freedom>. • "Betty Friedan." Women of the Hall. 1993. National Women's Hall of Fame. 4 June 2007 <http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=62>. • Chapin. "Two's Company, Three's a Crowd." Cartoon. Literary Digest. 6 June 2007<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Two%27s_Company%2C_Three% 27s_a Crowd.jpg>. • "Chisholm, Shirley Anita." Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 2005. 7 June 2007<http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay. pl?index=C000371>. • Corbis-Bettmann. Rachel Carson. 1963. Carson, Rachel. 1 June 2007 <http://www.pollutionissues.com/Br-Co/Carson-Rachel-Scientist-Ecologist- Writer-of-Silent-Spring-1907-1964.html>. • Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement 1848 - 1998." Women's Rights Movement. 1998. 5 June 2007 <http://www.legacy98.org/move-hist.html>.

36. Works Cited Cont • "Equal Rights Amendment." National Organization of Women. 2007. NOW. 19 May 2007 <http://www.now.org/issues/economic/eratext.html>. • "Flapper Culture & Style." The Jazz Age. 2001. 1 June 2007 <http://www.geocities.com/flapper_culture/>. • Graduation. 1926. Historical Timeline of the University of Idaho. University of Idaho. 1 June 2007 <http://www.lib.uidaho.edu/special- collections/timeline.htm>. • Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June 1965. 7 June 2007 <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1964/1964_496/>. • Lewis, Jone J. "Women's History." About.Com. 2001. New York Times. 15 May 2007 <http://womenshistory.about.com/library/pic/1913/bl_p_191307.htm>. • Mount, Steve. "U.S Constitution- Amendment 19." The U.S. Constitution Online. 2007. 31 May 2007 <http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am19.html>. • "NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June 2007 <http://www.now.org/>. • "Sports: Track & Field--the 1928 Olympics." HerStory. 2007. 1 June 2007 <http://library2.usask.ca/herstory/field.html>. • "The Equal Pay Act of 1963." Essortment. 2002. 5 June 2007 <http://nc.essortment.com/equalpayact_rvwx.htm>. • Tranter, John. Mother, NéE Anne Katherine Brown, Circa 1920. 1920. Australia. JohnTrater.com. 31 May 2007<http://johntranter.com/interviewed/2001lilley .php>. • "Women’S Rights." Encarta. 2007. MSN. 1 June 2007 <http://encarta.msn.com/ encyclopedia_761574034_2/Women’s_Rights.html>.