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Cat-5e/Cat-6 Ethernet Wiring Straight-through Cross-over Console (roll-over)

Cat-5e/Cat-6 Ethernet Wiring Straight-through Cross-over Console (roll-over). PHYSICAL. Cabling. Straight Through Unlike Devices Router to switch, PC to switch Cross-Over Like devices Router to router, PC to PC, switch to switch, router to PC Console (Rollover) Console port

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Cat-5e/Cat-6 Ethernet Wiring Straight-through Cross-over Console (roll-over)

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  1. Cat-5e/Cat-6 Ethernet Wiring Straight-through Cross-over Console (roll-over) PHYSICAL

  2. Cabling • Straight Through • Unlike Devices • Router to switch, PC to switch • Cross-Over • Like devices • Router to router, PC to PC, switch to switch, router to PC • Console (Rollover) • Console port • PC serial port to DB-9 adapter to console port

  3. Straight-Through

  4. Cross-Over

  5. Physical Switch Components • CPU • RAM • Running configs • NVRAM • Startup configs • Flash • Cisco Internetworking Operating System (IOS) • VLAN database • ROM • If the IOS fails to load, an VERY basic OS is loaded from ROM • Console • Console port for initial configuration • Interfaces • Switch ports, may include 10/100/1000 ethernet, and/or fiber uplink ports.

  6. DATA LINK • CSMA/CD • MAC Addresses • Collision Domains

  7. CSMA/CD • CSMA/CD is a modification of pure Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) • Collision detection is used to improve CSMA performance by terminating transmission as soon as a collision is detected • Reduces the probability of a second collision on retry • CSMA/CD is no longer used • Switches break up collision domains

  8. MAC Addresses Manufacturer Portion NIC Portion • Globally unique identifier burned into the Network Interface Card (NIC) • Address Format: 01-23-45-67-89-AB • 248 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses. • MAC Address technology is a sub-layer of the Data Link layer in the OSI model

  9. Switches VS Hubs • Switches replace hubs • Hubs are dumb devices • Switches are smart • Hubs broadcast everything out all ports but port of origin • Switches only broadcast if MAC address not in CAM table • Content Addressable Memory (CAM) table maps MAC addresses to ports. • MAC entries purged after a certain amount of inactivity.

  10. Port Security • Allows only a certain number of MAC addresses per port • Shuts down port when unauthorized MAC address detected • Can be an administrative nightmare if configured incorrectly

  11. No Redundancy

  12. No Redundancy

  13. Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) • Switches with redundant links • Without STP • Broadcast storms and bridging loops • With STP • Only one redundant link active • If active link goes down, redundant link comes up

  14. STP States • Blocking • No data sent or received • Only BPDUs received • Listening • Switch processes Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) • Learning • Doesn’t forward frames • Learns MAC addresses • Forwarding • Sends and receives data • Monitors BPDUs in case directed to return to blocking state • Disabled • Administratively disabled ports

  15. STP Elections • Bridge ID • [Bridge Priority: 0-65535; defaults to 32768] [MAC Address] • Root Bridge • Root of the switching network • Decides which links to use and which to shut down • Elections • Bridge Priority checked first (lower number = higher priority) • If priorities the same, then checks MAC address

  16. Redundancy with STP

  17. Redundancy with STP

  18. Redundancy with STP

  19. Redundancy with STP

  20. VLANs • Logically (rather than physically) isolates ports that belong to different VLANs • Logically associates ports on the same VLAN on different switches with each other • Requires encapsulation and frame tagging for inter-VLAN communication • Encapsulation Protocols: • ISL: • Legacy Cisco proprietary protocol • Encapsulates all frames • 802.1Q: • Tags frames from VLANs other than the native VLAN • Developed by the IEEE • Default encapsulation method on most switches

  21. Inter-VLAN Communication • Requires a router • Sub-Interfaces • One logical interface for each VLAN

  22. VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) • Cisco proprietary trunking protocol • Modes • Server • Can add, remove, and modify VLANs • Passes VLAN information on to VTP Client • Client • Forwards VLAN information on to other VTP Clients • VLAN information stored in RAM • Transparent • Does not participate in VTP

  23. Network • Routers break up broadcast domains • Switches do not route layer three addresses

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