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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Chapter 5 Water. The Water Molecule. H 2 O: two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom Covalent bonds Polar molecule Hydrogen bonds. Fig. 5.1. Table 5.3. Fig. 5.2. Fig. 5.4. Table 5.5. Fig. 5.8. Fig. 5.9. Fig. 5.10. Fig. 5.11. Secchi Disc. Fig. 5.12.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Chapter 5 Water

  2. The Water Molecule • H2O: two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom • Covalent bonds • Polar molecule • Hydrogen bonds

  3. Fig. 5.1

  4. Table 5.3

  5. Fig. 5.2

  6. Fig. 5.4

  7. Table 5.5

  8. Fig. 5.8

  9. Fig. 5.9

  10. Fig. 5.10

  11. Fig. 5.11 Secchi Disc

  12. Fig. 5.12 Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY)

  13. Fig. 5.13

  14. Multi-beam and side scan sonar CNS Monitor

  15. Fig. 5.14

  16. Fig. 5.15

  17. Fig. 5.16

  18. Table 5.1 top

  19. Fig. 5.7

  20. Table 6.2

  21. Fig. 6.2

  22. Fig. 6.3

  23. Fig. 6.4

  24. Table 6.4

  25. Black Smoker belching

  26. Table 6.6

  27. Table 6.5

  28. Fig. 6.7

  29. Fig. 6.1

  30. Fig. 6.9

  31. Fig. 6.10

  32. Fig. 6.11 Desalination Electrodialysis and Ion-Exchange

  33. Fig. 6.12 Desalination Reverse Osmosis

  34. Chapter 5 The Physical Properties of Water End of Chapter Five Sea Water

  35. 5.2 Temperature and Heat • Molecules in motion: gases or liquids • Kinetic energy and temperature • Heat: measure of the total amount of kinetic energy

  36. 5.3 Changes of State • Three states of water: solid, liquid, and gas • Changes of state • Hydrogen bonds • Latent heat of fusion • Latent heat of vaporization

  37. 5.4 Heat Capacity • Heat capacity: quantity of heat required to produce a unit change in temperature • Hydrogen bonds and high heat capacity of water • Stability of Earth’s temperature • High heat capacity • High latent heat of fusion • High latent heat of vaporization

  38. 5.5 Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Viscosity • Hydrogen bonds hold water together • Cohesion • Surface tension: measure of how difficult it is to stretch or penetrate the surface of a liquid • Viscosity: resistance to motion or internal friction • Effects of temperature on viscosity

  39. 5.6 Density • The effect of pressure • Water is nearly incompressible • Pressure increases with depth • Density increases with depth • The effect of temperature • Density decreases temperature • Density of ice • Density of moist air • The effect of salt • Density increases with salinity • Combined effect of temperature and salinity near the freezing point

  40. 5.7 Dissolving Ability • Water is the “universal solvent” • Polar nature of water molecules

  41. 5.8 Transmission of Energy • Heat • Conduction • Convection • Radiation • Light • Electromagnetic radiation • Absorption, scattering, and reflection • Attenuation and Beer’s Law • Attenuation and wavelength of light • Sound • Speed of sound in seawater • Dissipation • Sound shadow zones • Sofar channel

  42. Boxed Reading: Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate • Sound speed and travel time: function of temperature • Low frequency sound pulses can measure global warming • Effects on marine mammals

  43. 5.9 Ice and Fog • Sea ice • Formed by low air and water temperatures • Freezing seawater • Salt water in ice escapes over time • Icebergs • Formed by glaciers on land • Iceberg activity may be due to global warming, driving an increased rate of melting • Fog • Condensation of moisture forms clouds • Three types of fog • Advective fog—warm, water-saturated air passes over cold water • Sea smoke—dry, cold air moves over warm water • Radiative fog—warm, moist air cools at night

  44. Boxed Reading: Green Icebergs • Color of icebergs normally blue to white • Green ice contains dissolved organic material from seawater • Formed by freezing seawater under ice shelves

  45. Summary • Water is a polar molecule • Water can form hydrogen bonds • Solid, liquid, and gas • High heat capacity • High latent heat of fusion • Surface tension • Effect of temperature, salinity, and depth on: • The density of sea water • The speed of sound in sea water

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