Chapter 9:

1. Chapter 9: Language and Communication

2. Chapter 9: Language and Communication Chapter 9 has four modules: Module 9.1 The Road to Speech Module 9.2 Learning the Meanings of Words Module 9.3 Speaking in Sentences Module 9.4 Using Language to Communicate

3. The Road to Speech

5. Elements of Language Let’s take a minute to define each of these elements.

6. Young babies can hear phonemes, even those not in their language Infants can identify individual words Adults use infant-directed speech Perceiving Speech

7. First Steps to Speech

8. Learning the Meaning of Words

10. Infants understand that words are symbols Gestures are symbols that children start to use around the time they begin to talk Understanding Words as Symbols

11. Fast mapping Word meanings Common naming errors Fast Mapping Meanings to Words

12. Causes Language environment and phonological memory Different styles of learning language: referential and expressive Individual Differences in Word Learning

13. Referential style: vocabularies consist mainly of words that name objects, persons, or actions Expressive style: vocabularies include many social phrases that are used as single words Can you give examples of how children use each style? Individual Differences in Word Learning

14. Encouraging Word Learning

15. Viewing statistics Infants: 1 hr. daily Preschoolers: 2+ hrs. daily Impact on work learning Dependent on content Influenced when adults view with children Impact of Video

16. Intellectually geared videos are not effective before the age of 18 months. True or False?

17. Children learn other symbol systems as they grow, such as pictures and scale models 18 months: understand photos are representations of objects 3 years: understand relation between scale models and represented objects After 3 years: other symbolic forms learned Beyond Words: Other Symbols

18. Speaking in Sentences

20. From Two-Word Speech to Complex Sentences

21. “Wug” Stimuli What does this tell us about children’s application of rules that lead to creative communication?

22. Semantic bootstrapping theory At birth, children know nouns usually refer to people or objects and that verbs are actions With age, they use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules Development of grammar is tied to development of vocabulary How Do Children Acquire Grammar?

23. Behaviorist theory Development of grammar is learned through imitation and reinforcement How Do Children Acquire Grammar?

24. Specific brain region involved in language processing Only humans learn grammar Critical period for language learning identified Grammar development tied to vocabulary development How Do Children Acquire Grammar? Innate Grammar Mechanism theory

25. Cognitive theory Development of grammar is learned through powerful cognitive skills that help shape direction of regularities How Do Children Acquire Grammar?

26. Social-Interaction theory Development of language and grammar is eclectic Language mastered generally and grammar mastered specifically in social interaction contexts How Do Children Acquire Grammar?

27. Using Language to Communicate

29. Taking Turns

30. Toddlers: first conversations about themselves Preschoolers: adjust speech based on age and needs of listener and context School-age children: speak differently to adults and peers African American children: may use code-switching Speaking Effectively

31. Preschooler Listening Skill Development Ambiguity difficult Speaker’s intention often unclear Confusing parent statements better believed than classmate statements Understanding of non-literal meaning develops slowly Listening Well