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What Is ATP?

C ellular R espiration Cellular respiration is the process by which complex molecules is broken down by the body's cells to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules. Respiration occurs in all types of organisms, including bacteria , fungi , plants, and animals. What Is ATP?.

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What Is ATP?

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  1. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process by which complex molecules is broken down by the body's cells to produce energy in the form of ATP molecules.Respiration occurs in all types of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.

  2. What Is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

  3. Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

  4. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP Done by a process called HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)

  5. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36-38ATP’s

  6. Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place? • It actually takes place in two parts of the cell: -cytoplasm -mitochondria

  7. Stages of cellular respiration The cell 1) Glycolysis 2) Krebs Cycle 3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glycolysis Oxygen present Oxygen absent Krebs cycle Anaerobic pathway Electron transport chain Mitochondria Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Krebs Cycle & ETC Takeplace in the Mitochondria

  8. Mitochondria • bounded by a double membrane • inner folds enhance the "productivity" of cellular respiration by increasing the available surface area. • has own DNA and ribosomes

  9. Why is mitochondria considered semi-autonomous? • Mitochondria are semi-autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. They have their own DNA, ribosomes and can make their own proteins. Similar to bacteria, mitochondria have circular DNA and replicate by a reproductive process called fission.

  10. Glycolysis Glucose 2 ATP 10 Step pathway 4 ATP Net gain 2 ATP NADH H2O 2 pyruvate molecules

  11. Glycolysis Summary • Takes place in the Cytoplasm (oxygen not needed) • ●Glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules with a net production of two ATP molecules. • If some Oxygen is available Pyruvate goes into Krebs cycle and ETC. • If No Oxygen is available Pyruvate is fermented.

  12. pyruvate IN OUT CO2 NADH Acetyl co Citric acid cycle CO2 NADH FADH2 2 ATP

  13. Krebs Cycle Summary • Requires Oxygen (Aerobic) • series of reactions that give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle • Two cycles per glucose molecule (Each glucose molecule yields two ATP) • Takes place in matrix of mitochondria

  14. ETC 32-34 ATP IN OUT

  15. ETC

  16. Electron Transport Chain Summary • 32-34 ATP Produced • The final electron acceptor in this chain process is oxygen. • H2O Produced • Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane • Far more efficient than Krebs cycle or Fermentation

  17. Fermentation • In the absence of oxygen pyruvate is converted into an acid or an alcohol.

  18. Ethanol Fermentation(plants/yeast) • Ethanol fermentation converts pyruvate molecules to molecules of ethanol and carbon dioxide. • Nets only 2 ATP

  19. Lactic Acid Fermentation(animals) • Occurs when O2 NOT present (anaerobic) • converts pyruvate molecules to lactic acid • Nets only 2 ATP

  20. Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration When oxygen is absent glucose can be broken down to release energy with the by-product lactic acid Quick ATP production but less efficient Can only be done over short periods of time (mammals) 2 mole ATP per mole of glucose Waste Products lactic acid & water (humans) ethanol & carbon dioxide (yeast) Butyl alcohol (some bacteria) • When oxygenis present glucose can be broken down into carbon dioxide and water • Slower but more efficient energy transfer • Can be sustained indefinitely • 36 – 38 mole ATP produced per mole of glucose • Waste Products • carbon dioxide & water

  21. Oxygen Debt • The additional oxygen that must be taken into the body after vigorous exercise to restore all systems to their normal states is called oxygen debt

  22. ??????????????? • Can prokaryotes undergo aerobic respiration? • Where does respiration occur in prokaryotic cells?

  23. Who is more efficient? Aerobic prokaryotic cells can yield a maximum of 38 ATP molecules while eukaryotic cells can yield a maximum of 36. In eukaryotic cells, the NADH molecules produced in glycolysis pass through the mitochondrial membrane, which "costs" two ATP molecules.

  24. Respiration/Photosynthesis • Respiration uses the products of photosynthesis, and is essentially the reversal of photosynthesis.

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